The effects of counter-rotating terms on ground states (GS) of a lambda-type three-level atomic system coupled with two fields are examined. The GS, which are dark states in rotating wave approximation (RWA), can be expressed by a simple formula including
An aberration-free imaging technique was used to design a double-spherically bent crystal spectrometer with high energy and spatial resolutions to ensure that the individual spectral lines are represented as perfectly straight lines on the detector. After
Bidirectional ultrafast fiber lasers present an attractive solution, enabling the generation of two mutually coherent ultrashort pulse trains in a simple and turnkey system. Still, the lack of a comprehensive numerical model describing steady-state bidire
We present a category of novel photothermal (PT) microactuators. Each microactuator consists of two PT arms that are jointed at the free end and connected to an anchor at the fixed end. When a laser beam irradiates one of the arms (called hot arm, and the