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看图式英语写作是高考英语书面表达中重要出题形式,近几年来在高考中占有相当大的比例。如:2008年湖南卷、四川卷、天津卷;2009年北京卷、陕西卷、福建卷都采用了图画式书面表达。且2010年高考考试说明中也明确以看图作文作为书面表达示例,这也体现了2010年高考趋势。
一、看图作文的特征
看图作文不同于传统的书面表达。看图作文通过给出组图或单一的图片以及简要提示的形式,要求学生充分理解,发挥想象力,组织语言,结构篇章,在有限的时间内写出一篇内容充实的短文。以图表意式作文不仅有其合理性、准确性和唯一性等特点,而且比其它作文更具有抽象性,图画材料比起提纲式的文字材料,从谋篇布局上来说,难度都要大一些。这就对学生的认知水平、思维方式、归纳判断等综合素质方面都提出了较高要求。
二、看图作文的考查方向
看图作文一般分为记叙文和夹叙夹议两种文体。记叙文是给学生几幅图画,然后要求学生充分理解,描写出图画所展现的整个细节和过程。而考查频率更高的是夹叙夹议文体,它要求学生理解所给图画之后,能深刻体会图画所要体现的更深层次的哲理,从而写出逻辑严密、条理清楚、简洁而有说服力的短文。学生要灵活处理所给材料,深入浅出地表达自己的理解和观点,尽力做到观点鲜明、理论深刻、结构简明。依据新课标要求,所选话题都在学生日常生活范围之内,因此学生通常亲身感受,有话可说。
三、看图作文的写作策略
根据新课程标准对书面表达的要求可以看出,学生的写作只有符合以下几个特点才能得到高分:注重交际,遵循英语国家的文化习俗和交际准则;突出个性,会表达自己的观点和态度;重视内容,表达的内容生动、有趣并言之有物;表达形式多样,用不同的词汇、句子、语体及文体进行表达;恰当运用连接词,注意句子间的过渡和衔接。那么,如何进行看图作文的写作呢?笔者在教学过程中探求了一些解图对策,教学效果甚好,现将具体做法提供如下:
1、准确审题,列出提纲
看图写作主要以图画信息呈现,中文信息很少,显得审题思路尤其重要,它直接体现考生对信息的整合能力。因此,考生在动笔之前,首先要做的事是审题。审题包括审情节、审人称、审时态、审文体,还要注意写作时的语言风格。
示例:请根据下列两幅图用英语写一篇短文,写作时要有适当发挥,要写出妈妈的惊诧,还要写出你对这漫画的感受和想法。
学生读图后可以列出以下提纲:(1)时间——过去,现在。(2)地点——路上,家里。(3)人物——母亲,儿子,小女孩。(4)事件——妈妈阻止儿子去扶摔倒的女孩,儿子对倒了的油瓶置之不理。另外,由图上的中文提示,学生还可以判断出本篇写作文体为夹叙夹议,人称为第一、三人称。然后,学生就可以根据所列提纲合理想象扩展情节了。
2、抓住本质,领悟内涵
要透过图画的表面内容去把握所体现的本质,即要深刻领悟图画的深刻寓意。这是写好看图作文的议论部分的重要一关。怎样“悟意”呢?一是要理解画面表层含义,正如在阅读文字材料时了解字面含义一样。二是将图画联系生活进行思考,领会图画有哪一方面表达了隐含意义。图画的表面意义与生活是直接联系着的,即使不是日常生活常有的,但类似的情况肯定不少见,只不过需要加以挖掘才可体会得出而已。因此,学生在日常的学习中需要关注生活,体验生活。
还以上面两幅图为例,学生通过图画表面含义,应该能挖掘出下列道理: Children are born with a caring heart and they find it natural to help people in need. When parents stop the children from helping others so as to avoid trouble, they are setting them a bad example. Therefore, parents will one day be shocked to find the children to be cold and selfish...
3、注意衔接,行文流畅
要注意图画内信息的连接方式。在描述各个图画的情节时,学生不可照图硬搬,逐字翻译,否则写出来的短文会像一盘散沙,没有凝聚点。考生应学会灵活地使用连接词,适当地根据自己的需要和图画的进展衔接语句,使文章富有层次性。
表示平行或选择关系的词有and, also,both...and, as well as, neither...nor, not only...but also...等。表示转折关系的有but, yet, however, nevertheless, in spite of, although, otherwise, while等。表示对比关系的有on the contrary,instead of, on the other hand等。表示因果关系的有because, so,for, therefore, as a result, owing to, due to, thanks to, on account of等。表示时间和顺序的有then, next, finally, shortly after, first...second..., in the end, eventually, for one thing...for another thing等。表示递进和强调的有besides, furthermore, moreover, what’s more, in addition, above all, worse still, to make matters worse等。表示总结的有in short, in brief, in a word, in general, as you know, as far as I know等。
4、内容完整,首尾呼应
看图作文首先要主题明确,然后根据主题结构文章的提纲框架,接着进行文章的内容扩充。在这整个过程中,要时刻联系主题,做到内容完整,首尾呼应。
仍以上图为例,图画的中心是母亲对孩子道德方面的重要影响,因此,学生不难想出如下观点:Personally, I think parents should teach their children to care for others and help others. Thus they learn to shoulder responsibility.
四、模拟练习
例:下面两张照片被传到网上后,在全国引起轰动。两个普通环卫工人的事迹感动了中国。请简要描述这两张照片,并谈谈你的感想(至少两点)。文章的开头已经给出。
参考词汇:被水浸透的water-soaked要求:字数150左右。(2010年南京二模)
思路点播:
> 仔细审题,确定文章体裁。本题要求简要描述图画内容,重点阐述对这种现象的看法。从体裁上看,先对图画进行描述,属于记叙;而重点论述部分,属于议论。
> 本文可以用第一、三人称。客观论述社会现象,时态用过去时和一般现在时。
> 要点提炼:
① 现象:环卫工人的辛苦和求知欲望
② 观点:尊重劳动者,改善工作环境,学会奉献
③ 理由:辛苦,从不抱怨
> 据要点扩展成句:
① A female cleaner leaned against the wall, taking off her water-soaked socks.
② She is reading attentively by the light of the shop, lost to bitter cold and the noisy world.
③ It is obvious that she wants to equip herself with knowledge to keep pace with the times of rapid development.
④ I will regard devotion as my goal in life, having more diligence and fewer complains.
> 运用恰当过渡词,连句成篇。
参考范文:
Looking around us, we may surprisingly find that some people are not ordinary as we thought.
On the afternoon of the first day of the Spring Festival, a female cleaner leaned against the wall, taking off her water-soaked socks. They were the third pair that she had ever changed. In order to clear the road of snow to make sure of pedestrians’ safety, she had worked for a whole day.
Every night always witnesses a grey-haired cleaner seated in the doorway of a shop. She is reading attentively by the light of the shop, lost to bitter cold and the noisy world. It is obvious that she wants to equip herself with knowledge to keep pace with the times of rapid development.
The two photos of average cleaners have moved China. How great Chinese cleaners are! They worked hard and never complain, though they do tough jobs, they are thirsty for knowledge and have a noble mental world.
The two photos also have touched my heart. I will regard devotion as my goal in life, having more diligence and fewer complains. Meanwhile, I appeal to the whole society to respect cleaners’ labor, and to the government to improve their working and living conditions.
精彩点击:
作者在文章的前半部分对图画透视的现象进行了简要说明,紧接着抓住图画中反映出的现象进行阐述,主题突出、观点鲜明、有理有据。How great Chinese cleaners are!这一感叹句的巧妙使用使文章增添了几分文采。
总之,在做看图基础写作时,要注意审题解图,领悟主旨和寓意;恰当表达意思;书写工整,卷面整洁;最后从词、句、篇三方面做好检查工作,那么我们就可以在有限的时间里写出一篇较高档次的看图作文。
一、看图作文的特征
看图作文不同于传统的书面表达。看图作文通过给出组图或单一的图片以及简要提示的形式,要求学生充分理解,发挥想象力,组织语言,结构篇章,在有限的时间内写出一篇内容充实的短文。以图表意式作文不仅有其合理性、准确性和唯一性等特点,而且比其它作文更具有抽象性,图画材料比起提纲式的文字材料,从谋篇布局上来说,难度都要大一些。这就对学生的认知水平、思维方式、归纳判断等综合素质方面都提出了较高要求。
二、看图作文的考查方向
看图作文一般分为记叙文和夹叙夹议两种文体。记叙文是给学生几幅图画,然后要求学生充分理解,描写出图画所展现的整个细节和过程。而考查频率更高的是夹叙夹议文体,它要求学生理解所给图画之后,能深刻体会图画所要体现的更深层次的哲理,从而写出逻辑严密、条理清楚、简洁而有说服力的短文。学生要灵活处理所给材料,深入浅出地表达自己的理解和观点,尽力做到观点鲜明、理论深刻、结构简明。依据新课标要求,所选话题都在学生日常生活范围之内,因此学生通常亲身感受,有话可说。
三、看图作文的写作策略
根据新课程标准对书面表达的要求可以看出,学生的写作只有符合以下几个特点才能得到高分:注重交际,遵循英语国家的文化习俗和交际准则;突出个性,会表达自己的观点和态度;重视内容,表达的内容生动、有趣并言之有物;表达形式多样,用不同的词汇、句子、语体及文体进行表达;恰当运用连接词,注意句子间的过渡和衔接。那么,如何进行看图作文的写作呢?笔者在教学过程中探求了一些解图对策,教学效果甚好,现将具体做法提供如下:
1、准确审题,列出提纲
看图写作主要以图画信息呈现,中文信息很少,显得审题思路尤其重要,它直接体现考生对信息的整合能力。因此,考生在动笔之前,首先要做的事是审题。审题包括审情节、审人称、审时态、审文体,还要注意写作时的语言风格。
示例:请根据下列两幅图用英语写一篇短文,写作时要有适当发挥,要写出妈妈的惊诧,还要写出你对这漫画的感受和想法。
学生读图后可以列出以下提纲:(1)时间——过去,现在。(2)地点——路上,家里。(3)人物——母亲,儿子,小女孩。(4)事件——妈妈阻止儿子去扶摔倒的女孩,儿子对倒了的油瓶置之不理。另外,由图上的中文提示,学生还可以判断出本篇写作文体为夹叙夹议,人称为第一、三人称。然后,学生就可以根据所列提纲合理想象扩展情节了。
2、抓住本质,领悟内涵
要透过图画的表面内容去把握所体现的本质,即要深刻领悟图画的深刻寓意。这是写好看图作文的议论部分的重要一关。怎样“悟意”呢?一是要理解画面表层含义,正如在阅读文字材料时了解字面含义一样。二是将图画联系生活进行思考,领会图画有哪一方面表达了隐含意义。图画的表面意义与生活是直接联系着的,即使不是日常生活常有的,但类似的情况肯定不少见,只不过需要加以挖掘才可体会得出而已。因此,学生在日常的学习中需要关注生活,体验生活。
还以上面两幅图为例,学生通过图画表面含义,应该能挖掘出下列道理: Children are born with a caring heart and they find it natural to help people in need. When parents stop the children from helping others so as to avoid trouble, they are setting them a bad example. Therefore, parents will one day be shocked to find the children to be cold and selfish...
3、注意衔接,行文流畅
要注意图画内信息的连接方式。在描述各个图画的情节时,学生不可照图硬搬,逐字翻译,否则写出来的短文会像一盘散沙,没有凝聚点。考生应学会灵活地使用连接词,适当地根据自己的需要和图画的进展衔接语句,使文章富有层次性。
表示平行或选择关系的词有and, also,both...and, as well as, neither...nor, not only...but also...等。表示转折关系的有but, yet, however, nevertheless, in spite of, although, otherwise, while等。表示对比关系的有on the contrary,instead of, on the other hand等。表示因果关系的有because, so,for, therefore, as a result, owing to, due to, thanks to, on account of等。表示时间和顺序的有then, next, finally, shortly after, first...second..., in the end, eventually, for one thing...for another thing等。表示递进和强调的有besides, furthermore, moreover, what’s more, in addition, above all, worse still, to make matters worse等。表示总结的有in short, in brief, in a word, in general, as you know, as far as I know等。
4、内容完整,首尾呼应
看图作文首先要主题明确,然后根据主题结构文章的提纲框架,接着进行文章的内容扩充。在这整个过程中,要时刻联系主题,做到内容完整,首尾呼应。
仍以上图为例,图画的中心是母亲对孩子道德方面的重要影响,因此,学生不难想出如下观点:Personally, I think parents should teach their children to care for others and help others. Thus they learn to shoulder responsibility.
四、模拟练习
例:下面两张照片被传到网上后,在全国引起轰动。两个普通环卫工人的事迹感动了中国。请简要描述这两张照片,并谈谈你的感想(至少两点)。文章的开头已经给出。
参考词汇:被水浸透的water-soaked要求:字数150左右。(2010年南京二模)
思路点播:
> 仔细审题,确定文章体裁。本题要求简要描述图画内容,重点阐述对这种现象的看法。从体裁上看,先对图画进行描述,属于记叙;而重点论述部分,属于议论。
> 本文可以用第一、三人称。客观论述社会现象,时态用过去时和一般现在时。
> 要点提炼:
① 现象:环卫工人的辛苦和求知欲望
② 观点:尊重劳动者,改善工作环境,学会奉献
③ 理由:辛苦,从不抱怨
> 据要点扩展成句:
① A female cleaner leaned against the wall, taking off her water-soaked socks.
② She is reading attentively by the light of the shop, lost to bitter cold and the noisy world.
③ It is obvious that she wants to equip herself with knowledge to keep pace with the times of rapid development.
④ I will regard devotion as my goal in life, having more diligence and fewer complains.
> 运用恰当过渡词,连句成篇。
参考范文:
Looking around us, we may surprisingly find that some people are not ordinary as we thought.
On the afternoon of the first day of the Spring Festival, a female cleaner leaned against the wall, taking off her water-soaked socks. They were the third pair that she had ever changed. In order to clear the road of snow to make sure of pedestrians’ safety, she had worked for a whole day.
Every night always witnesses a grey-haired cleaner seated in the doorway of a shop. She is reading attentively by the light of the shop, lost to bitter cold and the noisy world. It is obvious that she wants to equip herself with knowledge to keep pace with the times of rapid development.
The two photos of average cleaners have moved China. How great Chinese cleaners are! They worked hard and never complain, though they do tough jobs, they are thirsty for knowledge and have a noble mental world.
The two photos also have touched my heart. I will regard devotion as my goal in life, having more diligence and fewer complains. Meanwhile, I appeal to the whole society to respect cleaners’ labor, and to the government to improve their working and living conditions.
精彩点击:
作者在文章的前半部分对图画透视的现象进行了简要说明,紧接着抓住图画中反映出的现象进行阐述,主题突出、观点鲜明、有理有据。How great Chinese cleaners are!这一感叹句的巧妙使用使文章增添了几分文采。
总之,在做看图基础写作时,要注意审题解图,领悟主旨和寓意;恰当表达意思;书写工整,卷面整洁;最后从词、句、篇三方面做好检查工作,那么我们就可以在有限的时间里写出一篇较高档次的看图作文。