The aim of the present review is to highlight the possible neuroregenerative potential ofadipose-derived stem cells. The key property of stem cells is plasticity including self-renewal,multilineage differentiation, and migration, whereas the required property is transplantability. For along time, embryonic stem cells were thought to be the only source of pluripotency, a dogma that hasbeen challenged during the last decade. Today, an alternative option might be adipose-derived stemcells, as easily accessible, ethical and autologous cellular source. Recent knowledge ofadipobiology increasingly recognizes that adipose tissue is the major endo- and paracrine organ ofthe human body. Likewise, numerous neuropetides, neurotrophic factors, neurotransmitters,hypothalamic and steroid hormones and their receptors are shared by adipose tissue and brain.Accordingly, the regenerative potential of neuroprotective factor-secreting adipose-derived stemcells is outlined. Whether the possible benefits of adipose stem cell-based therapy may be mediatedvia cell transdifferentiation and/or paracrine mechanisms remains to further be evaluated. The aim of the present review is to highlight the possible neuroregenerative potential of adipose-derived stem cells. The key property of stem cells is plasticity including self-renewal, multilineage differentiation, and migration, whereas the required property is transplantability. For along time, embryonic stem cells were thought to be the only source of pluripotency, a dogma that hasbeen challenged during the last decade. adipose tissue is the major endo- and paracrine organ of the human body. Likewise, neurotrophic factors, neurotransmitters, hypothalamic and steroid hormones and their receptors are shared by adipose tissue and brain. Acetively, the regenerative potential of neuroprotective factor-secreting adipose -derived stemcells is outlined. Whether the possible benefits of adipose stem cell-based therapy may be mediatedvia cell transdifferentiation and / or paracrine mechanisms remains to be be evaluated.