竞争和垄断是一对密切相关的经济范畴。谁将控制市场并获得财富?“赛场”是公正的还是偏袒的?几乎从人类开始理性地思考自身经济活动的规律之时起,它们就是研究者关注的热点之一。它们是超时代的论题,它们常常与有关公平和效率的争论搅在一起,令古往今来无数哲人绞尽脑汁。本文打算分析这两个范畴的本质,综述经济学在这方面的主要进展,探讨我国改革思维的不足。 Competition and monopoly are a pair of closely related economic categories. Who will control the market and gain wealth? “The venue ” is fair or partial? From the very beginning of human rational thinking about the law of their own economic activity, they are one of the researchers focus. They are epochal issues and they are often mixed up with controversies concerning fairness and efficiency, so that countless philosophers throughout the ages have racked their brains. This article intends to analyze the nature of these two categories, summarizes the major advances in economics in this area, and discusses the shortcomings of China’s reform thinking.