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体育在德国大众传媒中占据非常重要的地位。从报纸到广播电视再到新媒体时代,体育都是媒介内容中的重要元素。足球更是占据了体育内容中的核心地位。体育是如何被大众媒介转变的,大众媒介如何受到体育的影响,一直是媒介研究的核心内容之一。在德国电视史上,收视率排名前十位的节目全部是有德国队参加的世界杯和欧洲杯足球赛的赛事转播,其中收视率最高的是于2014年7月13日举行的巴西世界杯决赛德国队与阿根廷队之间的较量,超过三千万德国民众收看了这场比赛的电视转播。因此,世界杯足球赛对于德国社会和体育新闻而言具有重要的影响。研究梳理了德国足球的发展史,以作者主编的《2011国际体育媒介调查》中的数据为依托,以从1994年美国世界杯开始到2014年巴西世界杯期间20年中的世界杯和欧洲杯足球赛为主要研究对象。通过对比,研究发现了不少转变:例如1994年世界杯时,德国电视台转播一场足球比赛的时间是219分钟,到2014年世界杯时已经提升到550分钟。转播过程中比赛所占的比例从1994年的49%下降到2014年的23%。德国民众对体育尤其是足球的狂热,每年可以带来30亿欧元的商业赞助。《2011国际体育媒介调查》在对世界五大洲23个国家和地区81家平面媒体的18 340篇文章展开的大数据分析研究发现,受关注度最高的项目依次是足球、网球、英式橄榄球、曲棍球、冰球、自行车、篮球、澳式橄榄球、高尔夫球和马术比赛,其中足球一项就占据41%的比例,网球和英式橄榄球的比例分别为8%和5%。另一方面,撰写体育新闻的平面媒体记者中90%以上为男性。此外,在足球占据体育报道的比例上,罗马尼亚、葡萄牙、巴西、希腊、德国、波兰、苏格兰、南非、法国和瑞士是最高的,其中罗马尼亚媒体报道的比例高达85%。
Sports occupy a very important place in the German mass media. From newspapers to radio and television to the new media era, sport is an important element of media content. Football is occupying the core of sports content. How sports are transformed by the mass media and how the mass media is influenced by sports have always been one of the core contents of media research. In the history of German TV, the top ten programs of ratings are all broadcast in the World Cup and European Cup matches with the German team. Among them, the highest rating is the final of the World Cup finals in Germany on July 13, 2014 With the Argentine team contest, more than 30 million German people watched the game on television. Therefore, the FIFA World Cup has an important influence on German social and sports news. The study combed the history of the development of German football, based on the author’s “2011 International Sports Media Survey” data to the World Cup from 1994 to 2002 Brazil World Cup and the European Cup football match for the The main research object. By contrast, the study found many changes: For example, at the 1994 World Cup, German television broadcast a football match in 219 minutes and up to 550 minutes by the 2014 World Cup. The percentage of contests during the retransmission dropped from 49% in 1994 to 23% in 2014. The German public’s fanatical interest in sports, especially soccer, can bring about 3 billion euros a year in commercial sponsorship. The 2011 International Sports Media Survey conducted a big data analysis of 18 340 articles from 81 print media in 23 countries and regions of the world’s five continents and found that the items of highest concern were football, tennis, rugby, Hockey, ice hockey, cycling, basketball, rugby, golf and equestrian events. Soccer accounts for 41% of the total, while tennis and rugby are 8% and 5% respectively. On the other hand, more than 90% of print media reporters who write sports news are men. In addition, Romania, Portugal, Brazil, Greece, Germany, Poland, Scotland, South Africa, France and Switzerland have the highest percentage of soccer coverage of sports, of which up to 85% are reported by the Romanian media.