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Abstract： Hemingway always takes his own personal experience as a creative material. In his works， you can see traces of alcohol on many occasions. This article， based on Hemingway's own experience， analyzes the negative influence and positive effect of wine on the author and the characters in his works.
Keywords： Hemingway； wine； war
The life of Hemingway and the liquor has the indissoluble bound. When he was injured in World War I and stayed in the U.S. military field hospital in Italy， he was often secretly drinking. Moved to the Red Cross Hospital in Milan， he put plenty of French brandy under the pillow and in a closet， subjecting to strong criticism of the nurse. The war made him suffered a lot both physically mentally. After returning home， along with receding of the heroic aura of light， coupled with of parents’ blame and the failure of love， Hemingway become lonely and painful. He began to drink heavily， drown his sorrows in wine. As he once said： "Wine is really a good thing， it destroyed your time. If you can ruin your time like this， you will enjoy a very happy life ahead of you." However， because of the tense relationship with his parents， Hemingway had to fend for himself. At that time， the Toronto Star newspaper was in need of a foreign reporter to go to Paris， and Hemingway was selected. Then， with his newly married wife， with the famous American writer Sherwood Anderson's recommendation， at the same time， with great vision， Hemingway once again went to Europe at the end of 1921.
In Paris even though life was hard， but as long as possible， Hemingway never let go of any opportunity to drink. Whether he was working， or at the party， or during the trip， he would drink all kinds of wine. Wine， did not only bring great comfort to Hemingway， but also creative inspiration to him. In the next few years， with careful guidance of the writer Gertrude Stein and poet Ezra Pound， together with Anderson’s strong recommendation， Hemingway completed and published his early representative works， such as the short story collection "In Our Times" and the novel "The Sun Also Rises". "The Sun Also Rises" not only made Hemingway get rid of economic difficulties， but also caused him to spring into fame. In early 1928， Hemingway returned to the southernmost tip of USA and lived in Key West， Florida. For the next ten years， Hemingway lived there for most of the time， living a life of writing， drinking， fishing and playing tennis. While binging fame to Hemingway， "The Sun Also Rises" brought him a lot of creative experience. Hemingway completed the famous novel "A Farewell to Arms" in just 5 weeks. The book was published in 1929 and after that Hemingway’s all sufferings have their reward. He lived a prosperous life since then. Hemingway was no longer like Jack and Henry， drinking for getting rid of， bitterness and miseries， but to enjoy the joy of success. From then on， Hemingway published one after another works， such as “Death in the Afternoon” about bullfighting in Spain， short story collection" Winner Takes Nothing " as well as “Green Hills of Africa”， which was the description of the hunting in Africa. After the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War， Hemingway rushed to Spain with the identity of the field reporter， and fought with the democratic forces of the Spanish side by side. However， despite the support of numerous righteous people like Hemingway and many volunteers in the United States as well as the Spanish people fought a bloody battle together， the Spanish republican government ultimately failed. Hemingway and other people had to withdraw from Madrid. After returning to Havana， Hemingway once again backed to his old way of life： writing， drinking， fishing and playing tennis. He used to have a drink before dinner and a red wine. He would drink vodka before exercise， and finally drank whisky and soda. At night， he would go to a bar to drink to eliminate the fatigue of the day and usually did not stop drinking before being drunk. He often said： "A man， only when he is drunk can really feel his existence...... I like to be completely drunken. Starting from the day I understood the world， I had this feeling." During this period， the wine had once again played a magical effect. He published "For whom the Bell Tolls" in 1940， which made the world take notice to Hemingway again. With the joy of success， Hemingway drank more and more wine， growing alcoholism. When Hemingway came to China to do interview during the war， he was fascinated by rice wine with snakes and cuckoo soaked in. Hemingway called it "Chinese Vodka"， and believed that this wine could cure all diseases. However， the "Chinese vodka" could not meet his alcoholism. In order to meet the needs of alcoholism， he stooped to a lecture for a bottle of whiskey.
Hemingway often went to the small seaside hotels between Havana， Cuba and Key West， drinking and chatting with the local fishermen， observing social beings. The Havana Terrace Hotel， which was repeatedly mentioned in "The Old Man and the Sea”， was often visited by Hemingway. Hemingway always sat at a table closing to the window， drinking and looking at the sea. He completed the novel “Rich Man and Poor Man” and the novella "The Old Man and the Sea” which obtained Nobel Prize， both were in this background.
"It seems Hemingway’s heroes are drinking in the morning and evening. They drink so much beer， red wine， fennel wine and so on. If they were just ordinary people， they would have been sent to the hospital due to alcohol poisoning， but alcohol seems to them plays a role of a magic potion." In his famous work "The Sun Also Rises， Hemingway vividly portrayed a group of people taking wine as a narcotic. The protagonist of the book Jack Barnes was injured in the First World War， having lost the ability to sex. He deeply loved Lady Brett， Ashley， but the disability to sex caused by the war made him can only dream of sex. War not only destroyed the love between Jack and Brett， but also destroyed his traditional moral values， beliefs， and sense of justice. Without these precious things that gave him life meaning， Jack was in a loss both psychologically and morally. The physical damage to his spirit had caused great devastation. He felt the emptiness of the spirit， be uncertain for the future， living a life without meaning. In order to resolve the hearts of the depression， he was aimlessly wandering all day in the bars in Paris， always drunk for the empty pleasure. Sometimes he was also very cold， especially to his rival in love Cohen. In many ways， Jack was a typical representative of the "Lost Generation" described by Stein. Some of his characters represented the "Lost Generation" and their unfortunate position. Jack's friends were almost drunk. Whether beautiful and dissolute socialite Brett， unconfident American writer Cohen， optimistic and humorous veterans Gorton or grumpy bankrupt Campbell， every day they drank drunk， feeling empty and having no goal of life. The war had destroyed their faith in justice， morality， courage and love， so that they could no longer believe in anyone or anything. Between people there was no honesty， no true feelings， only false friendship， cruelty and indifference. Without these， they lived a fallen， meaningless life， indulging themselves in drinking and seeking pleasure， using alcohol to numb themselves， trying to escape from the reality and seeking spiritual liberation. Jack and his friends’ debauchery life did not make them happy. On the contrary， it often let them feel sad， depressed and anxious. Although they were drinking， dancing and pursuing pleasure all the time， however， alcohol flirting could only let them temporarily forget the pain caused by the war， it could not solve the problem at all. Perhaps， they neither wanted， nor had the ability to solve the problem， but to continue to lead the lost， goalless life， thus became the "Lost Generation". In "The Sun Also Rises"， Hemingway clearly described the dangers of alcohol abuse. Alcohol could expose the darkest side of a person， which was particularly evident in Campbell Mike. Mike was a bankrupt alcoholic from Scotland， a veteran. He was bad-tempered， especially when he was drunk， he was unable to control themselves and could become very rude and manic. Hemingway also hinted that， for them， although alcohol could numb them， so that they would temporarily forget the problems they had to face， but the reality was not to be avoided， alcohol could only make them worse both mentally and emotionally.
The novel "A farewell to Arms"， which is generally believed by the critics that reflects Hemingway's highest achievement， describes the life during and after the World War I. The hero Frederic Henry， a young American ambulance driver， was in the Italian army in World War I. His purpose joining the army was not because of the desire for the honor， nor for his firm faith to the cause. The war did tremendous destruction to him physically， psychologically and morally. He and other characters in the book， in order to escape the war ravaged world， tried to seek all possible ways to heal the wounds caused by the war. From the beginning of the novel， each person seemed to have found a way to alleviate the personal pain， to overcome the fear and sorrow. Catherine made love with Henry to ease the grief of losing her fiancé”， and Henry found a temporary comfort from her； Rinaldi tried to seek comfort from prostitutes； the priest held his faith in God to ease the suffering of the war and the merciless ridicule from the officers. The most common and most simple comfort is alcohol. Almost all of them attempted to rely on alcohol to drown their sorrows， trying to numb themselves to avoid suffering the harm of the war. Henry， in particular， during his stay in hospital due to injury， his reliance on wine was so much that he took it as health essentials. When the hospital director Miss Van Campen Peng didn't allow him to drink while having meal， he immediately asked somebody to secretly bring the wine in to the hospital. Because of excessive drinking and he got jaundice， and criticized by Miss Campen， saying that he was deliberately evade conscription. As a result， the three weeks holiday for recovering his injured leg given by the troop was withdrawn. This kind of escape may be understandable， but each method was a kind of anesthetic， could only temporarily make people feel less pain， but the pain was always there， and ultimately could not be eliminated. Jack， Henry and their friends had many similarities： they had experienced the baptism of war， suffering from physical and mental devastation； they were drunk in the wine and women， trying to seek comfort and forget the pain of war. Woman， wine and love could be a haven to escape the cruelty of the world. However， the last paragraph of "A Farewell to Arms" made it clear， so clear that it made the person heart broke -- this haven was always temporary. In the novel "For Whom the Bell Tolls"， which was the reflection of the Spanish civil war， filled with the flavor of the wine from beginning to end. From the time the commander General Golz of Spanish government forces ordering Jordan Robert to bomb the bridge to the time Jordan completed the task and sacrificed his life， wine had been accompanied by the characters in the book. In this novel， Hemingway incisively and vividly showed the negative impact of wine and a positive role. Wine， let the guerrilla captain Pablo， a former tough and resolute organizer became a coward fearing of death. He not only opposed to blow up the bridge， stole Jordan’s blasting apparatus at the critical moment， killed his fellows who risked their lives to follow him， and in the end betrayed the revolution. Wine， let people lose their sense， made people become crazy and did what they should not. Hemingway skillfully rendered the horrors of war， and people’s irrational behaviors. But what Hemingway wanted to emphasize was： there was no essential difference between human beings and the beasts.
In his works， Hemingway also did not forget to mention the benefits of alcohol， for example， during the five days Jack and Bill fishing together at the small town Burguete in "The Sun Also Rises". At that time， they were also drinking， but not drunk like they were in Paris. Drinking make them relaxed， no longer in the state of being anguished， cynical and decadent. Drinking made them simple， not wearing the mask of hypocrisy， no cynicism， taunting words in the talk. Drinking increased the affection between each other， they treated each other with brotherly honesty. Drinking made them happy， and it's a good enjoyment. In "For Whom the Bell tolls"， the benefits of wine could be seen everywhere. The guerrillas in the mountains were all heavy drinkers， drinking while eating， they relied on wine to dispel cold. They brought wine when they were out， using wine to eliminate fatigue. They were happily drinking before the battle， using wine to make them become courageous. They were also drinking after being injured， using wine to relieve pain and drive off the fear of death. Robert Jordan was the most moderate drinker. In his view， a cup of strong vermouth could replace the good times he spent in Paris， letting him forget many things， forget the present sorrows as well as the fear of death. The positive effect of wine in Hemingway's life was obvious. It brought Hemingway creative inspiration， helped him eliminate writing fatigue， let him write immortal works. Looking throughout Hemingway's life and the characters in his works， it can be found that： when people feel lonely and depressed， wine is a narcotic that will only make people temporarily forget troubles and sadness. When people are satisfied， wine is a catalyst， letting people enjoy the success and will make them become more progressive.
参考文献
1. Baker Carlos. Ernest Hemingway： A Life Story[M]. New York： Charles Scribner’s Sons， 1969.
2. 程中瑞 译.《丧钟为谁而鸣》[M]. 上海：上海译文出版社，2004.
3. Lily. 哈瓦那露台饭店——《老人与海》的另一位主角[J]. 饭店现代化. 2004/5.
4. 林基海 译. 《迷惘者的一生》——海明威传[M]. 湖南：湖南人民出版社，1987.
5. 刘红英 译.《太阳依旧升起》导读[M]. 天津：天津科技翻译出版公司，2003.
6. 林疑今 译.《永别了，武器》 [M]. 上海：上海译文出版社，2004.
7. 吴然. 海明威评传[M]. 西安：陕西人民出版社，1987年.
8. 吴然. “硬汉”海明威-作品與人生的演绎[M]. 北京：昆仑出版社，2005.
9. 赵静男 译.《太阳照常升起》[M]. 上海：上海译文出版社，2004.
10. 张国敬 夏志 译.《永别了，武器》导读[M]. 天津：天津科技翻译出版公司，2003.
作者简介：邱世凤，杨儒平，成都大学教授，邮编：610106。
Keywords： Hemingway； wine； war
The life of Hemingway and the liquor has the indissoluble bound. When he was injured in World War I and stayed in the U.S. military field hospital in Italy， he was often secretly drinking. Moved to the Red Cross Hospital in Milan， he put plenty of French brandy under the pillow and in a closet， subjecting to strong criticism of the nurse. The war made him suffered a lot both physically mentally. After returning home， along with receding of the heroic aura of light， coupled with of parents’ blame and the failure of love， Hemingway become lonely and painful. He began to drink heavily， drown his sorrows in wine. As he once said： "Wine is really a good thing， it destroyed your time. If you can ruin your time like this， you will enjoy a very happy life ahead of you." However， because of the tense relationship with his parents， Hemingway had to fend for himself. At that time， the Toronto Star newspaper was in need of a foreign reporter to go to Paris， and Hemingway was selected. Then， with his newly married wife， with the famous American writer Sherwood Anderson's recommendation， at the same time， with great vision， Hemingway once again went to Europe at the end of 1921.
In Paris even though life was hard， but as long as possible， Hemingway never let go of any opportunity to drink. Whether he was working， or at the party， or during the trip， he would drink all kinds of wine. Wine， did not only bring great comfort to Hemingway， but also creative inspiration to him. In the next few years， with careful guidance of the writer Gertrude Stein and poet Ezra Pound， together with Anderson’s strong recommendation， Hemingway completed and published his early representative works， such as the short story collection "In Our Times" and the novel "The Sun Also Rises". "The Sun Also Rises" not only made Hemingway get rid of economic difficulties， but also caused him to spring into fame. In early 1928， Hemingway returned to the southernmost tip of USA and lived in Key West， Florida. For the next ten years， Hemingway lived there for most of the time， living a life of writing， drinking， fishing and playing tennis. While binging fame to Hemingway， "The Sun Also Rises" brought him a lot of creative experience. Hemingway completed the famous novel "A Farewell to Arms" in just 5 weeks. The book was published in 1929 and after that Hemingway’s all sufferings have their reward. He lived a prosperous life since then. Hemingway was no longer like Jack and Henry， drinking for getting rid of， bitterness and miseries， but to enjoy the joy of success. From then on， Hemingway published one after another works， such as “Death in the Afternoon” about bullfighting in Spain， short story collection" Winner Takes Nothing " as well as “Green Hills of Africa”， which was the description of the hunting in Africa. After the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War， Hemingway rushed to Spain with the identity of the field reporter， and fought with the democratic forces of the Spanish side by side. However， despite the support of numerous righteous people like Hemingway and many volunteers in the United States as well as the Spanish people fought a bloody battle together， the Spanish republican government ultimately failed. Hemingway and other people had to withdraw from Madrid. After returning to Havana， Hemingway once again backed to his old way of life： writing， drinking， fishing and playing tennis. He used to have a drink before dinner and a red wine. He would drink vodka before exercise， and finally drank whisky and soda. At night， he would go to a bar to drink to eliminate the fatigue of the day and usually did not stop drinking before being drunk. He often said： "A man， only when he is drunk can really feel his existence...... I like to be completely drunken. Starting from the day I understood the world， I had this feeling." During this period， the wine had once again played a magical effect. He published "For whom the Bell Tolls" in 1940， which made the world take notice to Hemingway again. With the joy of success， Hemingway drank more and more wine， growing alcoholism. When Hemingway came to China to do interview during the war， he was fascinated by rice wine with snakes and cuckoo soaked in. Hemingway called it "Chinese Vodka"， and believed that this wine could cure all diseases. However， the "Chinese vodka" could not meet his alcoholism. In order to meet the needs of alcoholism， he stooped to a lecture for a bottle of whiskey.
Hemingway often went to the small seaside hotels between Havana， Cuba and Key West， drinking and chatting with the local fishermen， observing social beings. The Havana Terrace Hotel， which was repeatedly mentioned in "The Old Man and the Sea”， was often visited by Hemingway. Hemingway always sat at a table closing to the window， drinking and looking at the sea. He completed the novel “Rich Man and Poor Man” and the novella "The Old Man and the Sea” which obtained Nobel Prize， both were in this background.
"It seems Hemingway’s heroes are drinking in the morning and evening. They drink so much beer， red wine， fennel wine and so on. If they were just ordinary people， they would have been sent to the hospital due to alcohol poisoning， but alcohol seems to them plays a role of a magic potion." In his famous work "The Sun Also Rises， Hemingway vividly portrayed a group of people taking wine as a narcotic. The protagonist of the book Jack Barnes was injured in the First World War， having lost the ability to sex. He deeply loved Lady Brett， Ashley， but the disability to sex caused by the war made him can only dream of sex. War not only destroyed the love between Jack and Brett， but also destroyed his traditional moral values， beliefs， and sense of justice. Without these precious things that gave him life meaning， Jack was in a loss both psychologically and morally. The physical damage to his spirit had caused great devastation. He felt the emptiness of the spirit， be uncertain for the future， living a life without meaning. In order to resolve the hearts of the depression， he was aimlessly wandering all day in the bars in Paris， always drunk for the empty pleasure. Sometimes he was also very cold， especially to his rival in love Cohen. In many ways， Jack was a typical representative of the "Lost Generation" described by Stein. Some of his characters represented the "Lost Generation" and their unfortunate position. Jack's friends were almost drunk. Whether beautiful and dissolute socialite Brett， unconfident American writer Cohen， optimistic and humorous veterans Gorton or grumpy bankrupt Campbell， every day they drank drunk， feeling empty and having no goal of life. The war had destroyed their faith in justice， morality， courage and love， so that they could no longer believe in anyone or anything. Between people there was no honesty， no true feelings， only false friendship， cruelty and indifference. Without these， they lived a fallen， meaningless life， indulging themselves in drinking and seeking pleasure， using alcohol to numb themselves， trying to escape from the reality and seeking spiritual liberation. Jack and his friends’ debauchery life did not make them happy. On the contrary， it often let them feel sad， depressed and anxious. Although they were drinking， dancing and pursuing pleasure all the time， however， alcohol flirting could only let them temporarily forget the pain caused by the war， it could not solve the problem at all. Perhaps， they neither wanted， nor had the ability to solve the problem， but to continue to lead the lost， goalless life， thus became the "Lost Generation". In "The Sun Also Rises"， Hemingway clearly described the dangers of alcohol abuse. Alcohol could expose the darkest side of a person， which was particularly evident in Campbell Mike. Mike was a bankrupt alcoholic from Scotland， a veteran. He was bad-tempered， especially when he was drunk， he was unable to control themselves and could become very rude and manic. Hemingway also hinted that， for them， although alcohol could numb them， so that they would temporarily forget the problems they had to face， but the reality was not to be avoided， alcohol could only make them worse both mentally and emotionally.
The novel "A farewell to Arms"， which is generally believed by the critics that reflects Hemingway's highest achievement， describes the life during and after the World War I. The hero Frederic Henry， a young American ambulance driver， was in the Italian army in World War I. His purpose joining the army was not because of the desire for the honor， nor for his firm faith to the cause. The war did tremendous destruction to him physically， psychologically and morally. He and other characters in the book， in order to escape the war ravaged world， tried to seek all possible ways to heal the wounds caused by the war. From the beginning of the novel， each person seemed to have found a way to alleviate the personal pain， to overcome the fear and sorrow. Catherine made love with Henry to ease the grief of losing her fiancé”， and Henry found a temporary comfort from her； Rinaldi tried to seek comfort from prostitutes； the priest held his faith in God to ease the suffering of the war and the merciless ridicule from the officers. The most common and most simple comfort is alcohol. Almost all of them attempted to rely on alcohol to drown their sorrows， trying to numb themselves to avoid suffering the harm of the war. Henry， in particular， during his stay in hospital due to injury， his reliance on wine was so much that he took it as health essentials. When the hospital director Miss Van Campen Peng didn't allow him to drink while having meal， he immediately asked somebody to secretly bring the wine in to the hospital. Because of excessive drinking and he got jaundice， and criticized by Miss Campen， saying that he was deliberately evade conscription. As a result， the three weeks holiday for recovering his injured leg given by the troop was withdrawn. This kind of escape may be understandable， but each method was a kind of anesthetic， could only temporarily make people feel less pain， but the pain was always there， and ultimately could not be eliminated. Jack， Henry and their friends had many similarities： they had experienced the baptism of war， suffering from physical and mental devastation； they were drunk in the wine and women， trying to seek comfort and forget the pain of war. Woman， wine and love could be a haven to escape the cruelty of the world. However， the last paragraph of "A Farewell to Arms" made it clear， so clear that it made the person heart broke -- this haven was always temporary. In the novel "For Whom the Bell Tolls"， which was the reflection of the Spanish civil war， filled with the flavor of the wine from beginning to end. From the time the commander General Golz of Spanish government forces ordering Jordan Robert to bomb the bridge to the time Jordan completed the task and sacrificed his life， wine had been accompanied by the characters in the book. In this novel， Hemingway incisively and vividly showed the negative impact of wine and a positive role. Wine， let the guerrilla captain Pablo， a former tough and resolute organizer became a coward fearing of death. He not only opposed to blow up the bridge， stole Jordan’s blasting apparatus at the critical moment， killed his fellows who risked their lives to follow him， and in the end betrayed the revolution. Wine， let people lose their sense， made people become crazy and did what they should not. Hemingway skillfully rendered the horrors of war， and people’s irrational behaviors. But what Hemingway wanted to emphasize was： there was no essential difference between human beings and the beasts.
In his works， Hemingway also did not forget to mention the benefits of alcohol， for example， during the five days Jack and Bill fishing together at the small town Burguete in "The Sun Also Rises". At that time， they were also drinking， but not drunk like they were in Paris. Drinking make them relaxed， no longer in the state of being anguished， cynical and decadent. Drinking made them simple， not wearing the mask of hypocrisy， no cynicism， taunting words in the talk. Drinking increased the affection between each other， they treated each other with brotherly honesty. Drinking made them happy， and it's a good enjoyment. In "For Whom the Bell tolls"， the benefits of wine could be seen everywhere. The guerrillas in the mountains were all heavy drinkers， drinking while eating， they relied on wine to dispel cold. They brought wine when they were out， using wine to eliminate fatigue. They were happily drinking before the battle， using wine to make them become courageous. They were also drinking after being injured， using wine to relieve pain and drive off the fear of death. Robert Jordan was the most moderate drinker. In his view， a cup of strong vermouth could replace the good times he spent in Paris， letting him forget many things， forget the present sorrows as well as the fear of death. The positive effect of wine in Hemingway's life was obvious. It brought Hemingway creative inspiration， helped him eliminate writing fatigue， let him write immortal works. Looking throughout Hemingway's life and the characters in his works， it can be found that： when people feel lonely and depressed， wine is a narcotic that will only make people temporarily forget troubles and sadness. When people are satisfied， wine is a catalyst， letting people enjoy the success and will make them become more progressive.
参考文献
1. Baker Carlos. Ernest Hemingway： A Life Story[M]. New York： Charles Scribner’s Sons， 1969.
2. 程中瑞 译.《丧钟为谁而鸣》[M]. 上海：上海译文出版社，2004.
3. Lily. 哈瓦那露台饭店——《老人与海》的另一位主角[J]. 饭店现代化. 2004/5.
4. 林基海 译. 《迷惘者的一生》——海明威传[M]. 湖南：湖南人民出版社，1987.
5. 刘红英 译.《太阳依旧升起》导读[M]. 天津：天津科技翻译出版公司，2003.
6. 林疑今 译.《永别了，武器》 [M]. 上海：上海译文出版社，2004.
7. 吴然. 海明威评传[M]. 西安：陕西人民出版社，1987年.
8. 吴然. “硬汉”海明威-作品與人生的演绎[M]. 北京：昆仑出版社，2005.
9. 赵静男 译.《太阳照常升起》[M]. 上海：上海译文出版社，2004.
10. 张国敬 夏志 译.《永别了，武器》导读[M]. 天津：天津科技翻译出版公司，2003.
作者简介：邱世凤，杨儒平，成都大学教授，邮编：610106。