论文部分内容阅读
阅读是一个积极主动地思考、理解和接受信息的过程,也是一种复杂的智力活动。阅读理解能力的高低不仅直接影响到学生学习英语的效益,更重要的是其在高中英语学习中具有举足轻重的地位和作用。目前高考中对阅读理解能力的测试要求更加凸显,比例也逐渐增大,难度也在不断提高,有些考生面对学生的阅读理解题难以在有限的时间内完成。因此,培养和提高学生的阅读理解能力是高中英语教学的重要任务。
一、影响学生阅读理解的主要问题及障碍
(一)语言基础知识
要提高阅读材料的理解能力,丰富的词汇、扎实的语法知识等对学生来说是至关重要的。
1.词汇量问题
影响学生阅读的第一难点是词汇量,词汇量掌握的多少与阅读时的顺利和曲折有直接的关系。扩大词汇量的方法有:①构词法,不但能扩大词汇量,而且有助于记忆,如:以字母“t”结尾的形容词,其名词往往是“ce”或“cy”结尾。比如:present,absent,pregnant等单词,它们的名词分别为:presence,absence,pregnancy。②联想对比法,通过用同义词、近义词、反义词等方式的对比法来扩大记忆,掌握词汇,如turn up,turn down,turn in,turn out。再如表“发生”的词有happen,take place,occur,come about,go on。③强记法,对于熟词偏义,具有特殊意义的词加以强记,如we didn’t plan our art exhibition like that but it worked out very well.(NMET 2001.25)work out常用的词义是“算出;解决问题;制订出;消耗完”等,但此题的意义为:“表现……样的结果。”对于这种情况,近几年高考试题出现的频率较高。
2.语法问题
近年来由于高考英语语法分值相对地减少,高中英语教学中出现了淡化和轻视语法的观点。假如学生忽视对英语语法知识的学习、理解和掌握,就必定会影响阅读理解。如:
Decision-thinking is not unlike poker——it often matters not only what you think,but also what others think you think and what you think they think you think.(NMET2000,C)
初看这一句子,语法结构相当复杂,破折号前是一个简单句,破折号引出一个补充说明的句子。抓住关键词not only...but also what,and what。再仔细分析it为形式主语,真实主语是三个主语从句,由not only...but also和and连接。在第二个主语从句中带有宾语从句,第三个主语从句中,也带有宾语从句,而且宾语从句又带宾语从句,重重叠叠。全句的大意是:决定性的思考就像打扑克,不仅你所思考的是要紧的,而且你认为其他人所考虑的问题,和你思考其他人认为你所考虑的问题也常常是要紧的。
(二)文化背景知识
我们必须懂得影响学生阅读理解的另一原因就是对英语国家文化背景知识的了解,这是一个不可忽视的问题。如“Man was made at the end of the week’s work when God was tired.”对于这句话中每个单词的意思读者都了如指掌,然而对于这句话的真正含义并非都能理解。这句话讲述的是“上帝造人”的圣经故事。再如,在一篇介绍“禽流感(Bird flu)”病毒知识的科技文章中,假如学生缺乏对禽流感这个背景知识的了解或者知之甚少,甚至一点都不了解的话,那么就难准确解答文章所提出的问题,学生的阅读理解就会受到限制。
(三)心理因素
学生阅读中的大敌是焦虑、紧张的心理,这种心理直接影响阅读的效果。“Because a student worries and is anxious about a test, his or her mind doesn’t work as it usually does.The student can not write or think clearly because of the extreme tension and nervousness.Although poor grades are often a result of poor study habits,sometimes test anxiety causes the low grades.Recently,test anxiety has been recognized as a real problem,not just on excuse or false explanation of lazy students.”学生要很好地解决上述的问题与矛盾,应该在平时养成爱好阅读的习惯,把阅读看作是一种乐趣、一种享受,而不是硬性任务和沉重负担,只有这样学生才会主动地涉猎各种英语知识,拓宽知识面,考试恐惧症也就会得到抑制。
二、提高阅读理解能力的方法与策略
(一)找准主题句
文章每个段落能告诉读者中心思想的句子就是主题句,主题句的特点是很简洁,而且具有概括性。一般情况下主题句通常出现在段首或段尾,因此,学生在解题的时候一定要注意文章的第一段和最后一段或每段的第一句和最后一句。
A good way to pass an examination is to work hard every day in the year.You may fail in an examination if you are lazy for most of the year and then work hard only a few days before the examination.If you are taking an examination,don’t only learn rules of grammar.
Try to read stories in English and speak in English whenever you can.A few days before the examination you should start going to bed early.Don’t stay up late at night studying and learning things.Before you start the examination,read carefully over the question paper .Try to understand the exact meaning of each question before you pick up your pen to write.When you have at last finished your examination,read over your answers.Correct any mistakes which you see and make sure that you have not missed anything out.
仔细阅读和分析后就可以知道文章第一句是这篇文章的主题句,而下面排列了几个祈使句则都是支撑“to work hard every day”与“pass an examination”的关系。
(二)找准关键词
能反映文章的主要事实和特定细节,而且大多是动词、名词或者是其它的重要修饰词就是文章的关键词。
Taxes are a big part in the United States.Most Americam,pay city taxes,state taxes,social security taxes...and the list seems endless.
Most Americans pay_________.
A.taxes which are too many to list
B.several kinds of taxes
C.So many kinds of taxes they even don’t know the name
D.taxes either to the cities or the state they live in
本题的关键词是“seems endless”是指税的名目多得无法尽数,故答案为C。
3.准确猜测生词
近几年高考英语“阅读理解”每年都出现考查推测文中词义的题目。学生要利用阅读材料的相关内容,既可以根据上下文语境猜测词义,也可以根据构词法猜测词义,还可以运用对比法猜测词义,或者根据句中的标点符号猜测词义等。如:
Apple trees may grow as tall as 12 meters and they grow best in areas that have cold winters.Although no fruit is yielded during the winter,this cold period is good for the tree.
The underlined word“yielded” most probably means.
A.sold B.bought C.improved D.produced
根据上下文语境:苹果树可生长到12米高,且在冬季寒冷的地区生长得最好。although是语篇标志,虽然寒冷对树的生长有益,但冬季不产果实。故选D。
提高学生英语阅读理解能力是一个时间长、任务重的艰巨的重大工程。因此,要求英语教师在阅读教学中要找到影响阅读理解的因素,向学生传授正确的阅读方法和解题技巧,鼓励学生积极参与阅读活动,真正做到阅读有动力、阅读有方法、阅读有创造、阅读有个性,做到了这些,阅读理解教与学的水平就必定会有可喜的提升。
一、影响学生阅读理解的主要问题及障碍
(一)语言基础知识
要提高阅读材料的理解能力,丰富的词汇、扎实的语法知识等对学生来说是至关重要的。
1.词汇量问题
影响学生阅读的第一难点是词汇量,词汇量掌握的多少与阅读时的顺利和曲折有直接的关系。扩大词汇量的方法有:①构词法,不但能扩大词汇量,而且有助于记忆,如:以字母“t”结尾的形容词,其名词往往是“ce”或“cy”结尾。比如:present,absent,pregnant等单词,它们的名词分别为:presence,absence,pregnancy。②联想对比法,通过用同义词、近义词、反义词等方式的对比法来扩大记忆,掌握词汇,如turn up,turn down,turn in,turn out。再如表“发生”的词有happen,take place,occur,come about,go on。③强记法,对于熟词偏义,具有特殊意义的词加以强记,如we didn’t plan our art exhibition like that but it worked out very well.(NMET 2001.25)work out常用的词义是“算出;解决问题;制订出;消耗完”等,但此题的意义为:“表现……样的结果。”对于这种情况,近几年高考试题出现的频率较高。
2.语法问题
近年来由于高考英语语法分值相对地减少,高中英语教学中出现了淡化和轻视语法的观点。假如学生忽视对英语语法知识的学习、理解和掌握,就必定会影响阅读理解。如:
Decision-thinking is not unlike poker——it often matters not only what you think,but also what others think you think and what you think they think you think.(NMET2000,C)
初看这一句子,语法结构相当复杂,破折号前是一个简单句,破折号引出一个补充说明的句子。抓住关键词not only...but also what,and what。再仔细分析it为形式主语,真实主语是三个主语从句,由not only...but also和and连接。在第二个主语从句中带有宾语从句,第三个主语从句中,也带有宾语从句,而且宾语从句又带宾语从句,重重叠叠。全句的大意是:决定性的思考就像打扑克,不仅你所思考的是要紧的,而且你认为其他人所考虑的问题,和你思考其他人认为你所考虑的问题也常常是要紧的。
(二)文化背景知识
我们必须懂得影响学生阅读理解的另一原因就是对英语国家文化背景知识的了解,这是一个不可忽视的问题。如“Man was made at the end of the week’s work when God was tired.”对于这句话中每个单词的意思读者都了如指掌,然而对于这句话的真正含义并非都能理解。这句话讲述的是“上帝造人”的圣经故事。再如,在一篇介绍“禽流感(Bird flu)”病毒知识的科技文章中,假如学生缺乏对禽流感这个背景知识的了解或者知之甚少,甚至一点都不了解的话,那么就难准确解答文章所提出的问题,学生的阅读理解就会受到限制。
(三)心理因素
学生阅读中的大敌是焦虑、紧张的心理,这种心理直接影响阅读的效果。“Because a student worries and is anxious about a test, his or her mind doesn’t work as it usually does.The student can not write or think clearly because of the extreme tension and nervousness.Although poor grades are often a result of poor study habits,sometimes test anxiety causes the low grades.Recently,test anxiety has been recognized as a real problem,not just on excuse or false explanation of lazy students.”学生要很好地解决上述的问题与矛盾,应该在平时养成爱好阅读的习惯,把阅读看作是一种乐趣、一种享受,而不是硬性任务和沉重负担,只有这样学生才会主动地涉猎各种英语知识,拓宽知识面,考试恐惧症也就会得到抑制。
二、提高阅读理解能力的方法与策略
(一)找准主题句
文章每个段落能告诉读者中心思想的句子就是主题句,主题句的特点是很简洁,而且具有概括性。一般情况下主题句通常出现在段首或段尾,因此,学生在解题的时候一定要注意文章的第一段和最后一段或每段的第一句和最后一句。
A good way to pass an examination is to work hard every day in the year.You may fail in an examination if you are lazy for most of the year and then work hard only a few days before the examination.If you are taking an examination,don’t only learn rules of grammar.
Try to read stories in English and speak in English whenever you can.A few days before the examination you should start going to bed early.Don’t stay up late at night studying and learning things.Before you start the examination,read carefully over the question paper .Try to understand the exact meaning of each question before you pick up your pen to write.When you have at last finished your examination,read over your answers.Correct any mistakes which you see and make sure that you have not missed anything out.
仔细阅读和分析后就可以知道文章第一句是这篇文章的主题句,而下面排列了几个祈使句则都是支撑“to work hard every day”与“pass an examination”的关系。
(二)找准关键词
能反映文章的主要事实和特定细节,而且大多是动词、名词或者是其它的重要修饰词就是文章的关键词。
Taxes are a big part in the United States.Most Americam,pay city taxes,state taxes,social security taxes...and the list seems endless.
Most Americans pay_________.
A.taxes which are too many to list
B.several kinds of taxes
C.So many kinds of taxes they even don’t know the name
D.taxes either to the cities or the state they live in
本题的关键词是“seems endless”是指税的名目多得无法尽数,故答案为C。
3.准确猜测生词
近几年高考英语“阅读理解”每年都出现考查推测文中词义的题目。学生要利用阅读材料的相关内容,既可以根据上下文语境猜测词义,也可以根据构词法猜测词义,还可以运用对比法猜测词义,或者根据句中的标点符号猜测词义等。如:
Apple trees may grow as tall as 12 meters and they grow best in areas that have cold winters.Although no fruit is yielded during the winter,this cold period is good for the tree.
The underlined word“yielded” most probably means.
A.sold B.bought C.improved D.produced
根据上下文语境:苹果树可生长到12米高,且在冬季寒冷的地区生长得最好。although是语篇标志,虽然寒冷对树的生长有益,但冬季不产果实。故选D。
提高学生英语阅读理解能力是一个时间长、任务重的艰巨的重大工程。因此,要求英语教师在阅读教学中要找到影响阅读理解的因素,向学生传授正确的阅读方法和解题技巧,鼓励学生积极参与阅读活动,真正做到阅读有动力、阅读有方法、阅读有创造、阅读有个性,做到了这些,阅读理解教与学的水平就必定会有可喜的提升。