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关于古代东北亚航路的研究,史学界还不多见。本文拟就制约古代东北亚航路的中国东部海域“逆时针气旋环流”的自然规律,及唐、宋、元、明等历朝有关对外交通的文献记载,梳理古代东北亚航路网的形成过程。中国东部海域外围从北向南环绕着日本列岛、琉球群岛与台湾岛等岛弧。沿着岛弧内侧分布着一股从西南向东北流向的暖流黑潮,而沿亚洲大陆东侧沿岸则分布着一股从北向南流向的沿岸流,这两股流向相反温度相异的大海流,构成了“逆时针气旋环流”规律。秦汉及其以前时期东北亚主要通路为:营州入安东道及登州海行入高丽渤海道;隋唐时期因新罗梗海道,而另辟沿岛弧航行的福建琉球日本航道;宋元时期,由于中国造船与航海技术的高度发展,更开拓了跨海通高丽的海道舟舡路与越洋直航日本的大洋路,至此全面完成了古代东北亚的航路网络。日本史学界早从明治末期就开始研究遣唐使与遣唐船,但因日本的研究主要站在以日本为主体的立场,并非站在东亚全局的立场,同时又受制于本身史料欠缺等原因,因而导致了违背“逆时针气旋环流”自然规律的谬误航路学说,本文也将论及。
On the history of the ancient routes in Northeast Asia, historical scholarship is rare. This article intends to document the historical laws of the ancient northeast Asia route “anticlockwise cyclonic circulation” and the historical records of the Tang, Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties and the formation of the ancient network of Northeast Asia route network . The periphery of China’s eastern sea surrounds the island arcs such as the Japanese archipelago, the Ryukyu Islands and Taiwan Island from north to south. Along the island arc there is a stream of warm current Kuroshio flowing from southwest to northeast. Along the east coast of Asian continent, there is a coastal stream flowing from north to south. These two streams flow to opposite-sea currents , Constitutes a “counterclockwise cyclonic circulation ” rule. Qin and Han dynasties in Northeast Asia and the main access roads in the past are as follows: Into the An Dong Road, Yingzhou and Dengzhou into the sea of Bohai Road; Sui and Tang Dynasties due to the new Rover Terrier, and the island opened another route along the island of Ryukyu Japan Waterway; Song and Yuan Dynasties As a result of the high development of China’s shipbuilding and navigation technologies, it has also opened up the Kaohsiung Plover on the Sea across the sea and the Great Ocean Road on a direct route across Japan, thus completing the route networks in ancient Northeast Asia. As early as the end of the Meiji period, Japanese historians began to study the removal of Tang Envoys and the removal of Tang Dynasty ships. However, because Japanese studies mainly stand on the position of Japan, they are not based on the overall position of East Asia but are also subject to their own lack of historical data. A fallacious fairway theory that runs counter to the laws of the “anticlockwise cyclonic circulation” will also be covered in this article.