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我们后人寻找清王朝灭亡的原因时,通常不高口的是那个王朝盲目自大、闭关锁国等等。无疑,这属于正确无比的话语。问题在于,自大、锁国之类也要讲资格,不是谁想自大就自大,谁愿锁国便锁国。比如夜郎国自大,至今遭人耻笑。清朝自傲、自大是有基础的。满族人早期并不自大,入主中原以后好长一段时间也没有后来的所谓自大。滋生自大的情绪,是在清王朝彻底巩固了政权的时日,尤其出现所谓的“盛世”景象之后。这种自得情绪,在我们历史上不知被重复过多少次,不只清朝如此。清朝统治者后来为什么自大地蔑视一切?主要在经济。一直到乾隆辞世的18世纪末,中国在世界制造业总产量所占的份额仍超过整个欧洲5个百分点,相当于英国的8倍,俄国的6倍,日本的9倍。那时美国刚刚建国,不存在比较的基础。中国GDP(国内生产总值)在世界总份额中占到将近1/3。这相当了
When our descendants looked for the reasons for the demise of the Qing dynasty, it was not usually high-minded that the dynasty was blind and arrogant, shutting the country off and so on. Undoubtedly, this is a correct speech. The problem is that arrogance, lock the country should also speak of qualifications, not arrogant who wants to arrogant, who would like to lock the country to lock the country. For example, Yelang arrogant, has been ridiculed. Qing pride, arrogance is a foundation. The Manchu people did not arrogant in their early days. They did not arrogate for a long time since entering the Central Plains. The breeding of big emotions is the time when the Qing Dynasty completely consolidated the regime, especially after the so-called “flourishing” scene appeared. Such feelings of self-esteem, in our history, I do not know how many times repeated, not only in the Qing Dynasty. Why did the rulers of the Qing Dynasty defy everything arrogantly? Mainly in the economy. Until the end of 18th century after the death of Emperor Qianlong, China’s share of total manufacturing output in the world still exceeded that of the entire Europe by 5 percentage points, equivalent to 8 times that of Britain, 6 times of Russia and 9 times of Japan. At that time, the United States just established a foundation and there was no comparative basis. China’s GDP (gross domestic product) accounts for nearly one-third of the world’s total share. This is quite