microRNA(miRNA)是一类非编码小分子RNA,对基因的转录后调控具有重要作用。miRNA在大脑中含量十分丰富,在行为训练或电/化学刺激等神经活动时,其表达水平发生动态变化,从而对学习和记忆等认知功能所需的基因进行调节。在痴呆等认知功能障碍性疾病中,许多miRNA的表达水平异常,通过靶向调控多种基因和病理通路参与疾病的发生发展。本文对miRNA在认知功能中的调控作用和相关机制进行综述,并展望其在认知功能障碍性疾病中的潜在应用价值。 MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-coding small RNAs that play an important role in post-transcriptional regulation of genes. MiRNAs are abundant in the brain and undergo dynamic changes in their neural activity, such as behavioral training or electrical / chemical stimulation, to regulate the genes required for cognitive functions such as learning and memory. In cognitive dysfunction diseases such as dementia, many miRNAs are abnormally expressed and are involved in the occurrence and development of diseases by targeting and controlling various genes and pathological pathways. This review summarizes the regulatory roles of miRNAs in cognitive function and their underlying mechanisms, and explores their potential value in cognitively impaired disease.