张作霖与日本的关系是复杂的，既有屈辱的言行，也有维护国家主权的表现，既有互相勾结、利用的一面，也有利害、冲突的一面。所以说他既不是日本的傀儡，也不是任何意义上的民族主义者或反帝国主义者。 日俄战争后，所谓“满蒙地区”已完全成了日本的势力范围，英、美等国在此 Chang Tso-lin’s relations with Japan are complex, with both humiliating words and deeds and the safeguarding of the country’s sovereignty. They have both sides of collusion, utilization, interest and conflict. So he is neither a puppet of Japan nor a nationalist or anti-imperialist in any sense. After the Russo-Japanese War, the so-called “Manchuria Region” has completely become the sphere of influence of Japan, where Britain, the United States and other countries