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摘要 选取亲和性强的白籽南瓜作为砧木,以佛山市三水区黑皮冬瓜为接穗,通过插接法进行嫁接,并科学进行湿度、光照、通风、肥水、病害及其他方面的管理,最后采用露地栽培模式种植。试验发现嫁接冬瓜叶色浓绿,瓜蔓粗壮,抗病性、耐寒性增强,产量得到较大提高,有效控制了枯萎病等土传病害的蔓延,解决了冬瓜重茬连作障碍及早春不耐寒问题,促进了农民增收,经济、社会效益显著。
关键词 黑皮冬瓜;嫁接;栽培技术;广东佛山;三水区
中图分类号 S642.3 文献标识码 B 文章编号 1007-5739(2015)17-0102-02
Grafting and Cultivation Techniques of Black Wax Gourd of Sanshui District in Foshan City
WU Qian-hui SI Yu LIANG Pu-xing * HAO Dong-chuan LIANG Jian-bing
(Foshan Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Guangdong Province,Foshan Guangdong 528000)
Abstract Cucurbita moschata with strong affinity was taken as stocks,black wax gourd of Sanshui District in Foshan City was selected as scion,cut-grafting method was adopted,mangements were done which included humidity,illumination,ventilation,fertilizer,water,disease and other aspects,lastly grafted seedlings were cultivated in the open field.It showed that graft seeding possessed better comprehensive characters of dark-green in leaf colour,thick bine,strong disease resistance,high cold tolerance and increase output.Therefore,it could effectively control the spread of soil borne disease such as fusarium wilt,further to solve the problem of wax gourd continuous cropping and chilling sensitiveness in early spring.Thus,farmer′s income increased.It was remarkable for economic and social benefits.
Key words black wax gourd;grafting;cultivation technology;Foshan Guangdong;Sanshui District
佛山市种植黑皮冬瓜历史悠久,其中三水区种植面积较大,年种植面积2 666.67 hm2以上,平均产量75 t/hm2左右,最高可达120 t/hm2,年产值达1.2亿~1.5亿元。但近年来由于长期连作,导致枯萎病等土传性病害发生蔓延,严重田块发病率超过80%,减产50%以上,严重影响黑皮冬瓜的产量和收益,致使农民种植积极性受挫,最终导致冬瓜种植面积锐减。嫁接换根栽培已被证明是解决蔬菜枯萎病等土传病害的重要途径[1],并已在西瓜、青瓜、茄子等作物上广泛应用,取得了良好的抗病增产效果[2]。本试验采用白籽南瓜作砧木,嫁接本地黑皮冬瓜,总结配套的田间栽培技术,观察发现,嫁接冬瓜苗叶色浓绿,瓜蔓粗壮,抗病性、耐寒性增强,产量得到较大提高,有效解决冬瓜枯萎病及早春不耐寒问题。现将黑皮冬瓜嫁接栽培技术介绍如下,以供参考。
1 冬瓜嫁接技术
1.1 砧木和接穗的选择
选用大维冬瓜砧作为砧木,选择三水黑皮冬瓜作为接穗。
1.2 播种
2月中旬播种砧木。采用催芽播种,先将砧木种子浸入55 ℃温水中,持续温烫15 min,然后任其冷却至30 ℃左右,继续浸种6~8 h,将种子搓洗干净,沥干水后放在32 ℃的恒温箱中催芽,待种子露白、芽长至1 cm左右播入50孔穴盘内,浇透水并加透明薄膜以保温保湿,种子破土应立即揭去保温膜,约30 d后选用株高6~7 cm、生长健壮、子叶肥大、无病的苗作砧木;砧木播种20 d后撒播接穗。选用饱满的冬瓜种子,用55 ℃温水浸种6 h,放于35℃恒温箱中催芽,当芽长0.5~1.0 cm时,撒播于育苗盘中,待子叶展平至0.5片真叶时即可嫁接。
1.3 嫁接前准备
1.3.1 苗床准备。选择通风、遮光好的苗床地,清除地表杂草等杂物,起高约20 cm、宽约1 m的畦面,平整地面,地表淋辛硫磷750倍液捕杀地下害虫,然后撒石灰以杀菌防病。搭建小拱棚,覆盖保温膜、遮阳网,以备嫁接苗愈合。
1.3.2 嫁接工具。①切削工具:刮脸刀片数枚,使用时纵向裁成2片。每天更换刀片,并用酒精消毒。②剥插工具:将竹片削成与接穗下胚轴粗细相同的竹签,用沙纸磨擦光滑,使用前把竹签浸泡在多菌灵溶液中消毒。
1.3.3 消毒措施。嫁接前,对砧木喷施安泰生 甲基托布津1 000倍液以消毒防病。
1.4 嫁接方法
关键词 黑皮冬瓜;嫁接;栽培技术;广东佛山;三水区
中图分类号 S642.3 文献标识码 B 文章编号 1007-5739(2015)17-0102-02
Grafting and Cultivation Techniques of Black Wax Gourd of Sanshui District in Foshan City
WU Qian-hui SI Yu LIANG Pu-xing * HAO Dong-chuan LIANG Jian-bing
(Foshan Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Guangdong Province,Foshan Guangdong 528000)
Abstract Cucurbita moschata with strong affinity was taken as stocks,black wax gourd of Sanshui District in Foshan City was selected as scion,cut-grafting method was adopted,mangements were done which included humidity,illumination,ventilation,fertilizer,water,disease and other aspects,lastly grafted seedlings were cultivated in the open field.It showed that graft seeding possessed better comprehensive characters of dark-green in leaf colour,thick bine,strong disease resistance,high cold tolerance and increase output.Therefore,it could effectively control the spread of soil borne disease such as fusarium wilt,further to solve the problem of wax gourd continuous cropping and chilling sensitiveness in early spring.Thus,farmer′s income increased.It was remarkable for economic and social benefits.
Key words black wax gourd;grafting;cultivation technology;Foshan Guangdong;Sanshui District
佛山市种植黑皮冬瓜历史悠久,其中三水区种植面积较大,年种植面积2 666.67 hm2以上,平均产量75 t/hm2左右,最高可达120 t/hm2,年产值达1.2亿~1.5亿元。但近年来由于长期连作,导致枯萎病等土传性病害发生蔓延,严重田块发病率超过80%,减产50%以上,严重影响黑皮冬瓜的产量和收益,致使农民种植积极性受挫,最终导致冬瓜种植面积锐减。嫁接换根栽培已被证明是解决蔬菜枯萎病等土传病害的重要途径[1],并已在西瓜、青瓜、茄子等作物上广泛应用,取得了良好的抗病增产效果[2]。本试验采用白籽南瓜作砧木,嫁接本地黑皮冬瓜,总结配套的田间栽培技术,观察发现,嫁接冬瓜苗叶色浓绿,瓜蔓粗壮,抗病性、耐寒性增强,产量得到较大提高,有效解决冬瓜枯萎病及早春不耐寒问题。现将黑皮冬瓜嫁接栽培技术介绍如下,以供参考。
1 冬瓜嫁接技术
1.1 砧木和接穗的选择
选用大维冬瓜砧作为砧木,选择三水黑皮冬瓜作为接穗。
1.2 播种
2月中旬播种砧木。采用催芽播种,先将砧木种子浸入55 ℃温水中,持续温烫15 min,然后任其冷却至30 ℃左右,继续浸种6~8 h,将种子搓洗干净,沥干水后放在32 ℃的恒温箱中催芽,待种子露白、芽长至1 cm左右播入50孔穴盘内,浇透水并加透明薄膜以保温保湿,种子破土应立即揭去保温膜,约30 d后选用株高6~7 cm、生长健壮、子叶肥大、无病的苗作砧木;砧木播种20 d后撒播接穗。选用饱满的冬瓜种子,用55 ℃温水浸种6 h,放于35℃恒温箱中催芽,当芽长0.5~1.0 cm时,撒播于育苗盘中,待子叶展平至0.5片真叶时即可嫁接。
1.3 嫁接前准备
1.3.1 苗床准备。选择通风、遮光好的苗床地,清除地表杂草等杂物,起高约20 cm、宽约1 m的畦面,平整地面,地表淋辛硫磷750倍液捕杀地下害虫,然后撒石灰以杀菌防病。搭建小拱棚,覆盖保温膜、遮阳网,以备嫁接苗愈合。
1.3.2 嫁接工具。①切削工具:刮脸刀片数枚,使用时纵向裁成2片。每天更换刀片,并用酒精消毒。②剥插工具:将竹片削成与接穗下胚轴粗细相同的竹签,用沙纸磨擦光滑,使用前把竹签浸泡在多菌灵溶液中消毒。
1.3.3 消毒措施。嫁接前,对砧木喷施安泰生 甲基托布津1 000倍液以消毒防病。
1.4 嫁接方法