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在近代,当哲学把它考察的重点从古代的本体论转移到认识论以后,关于作为观念意识的认识与作为物质存在的对象为什么能相符合,是一切反映论者感到头痛的问题。康德提出,主体认识的不是纯粹的自然物(物自体),而是主体用时空先天形式和感性材料构成的“经验对象”。这样康德就用“经验对象取代了物质对象,即把认识对象从主体之外移到了主体之内,这就解决了认识和其对象的一致性问题。这样在认识与对象人与自然的关系上,康德来了个彻底的颠倒:不是认识如何符合对象,而是对象如何符合认识;不是人消极地屈从于自然,而是人积极地为自然立法。这就是康德自誉为“哥白尼式的革命”。我们历来对康德这一变革持批评态度,认为康德认识论是唯心主义先验论和不可知论的混种。本文认为,康德的这一颠倒是深刻的。它实际提出了客观真理(具有普遍必然性的认识)不在消极的感性反映中,而在能动的理性思维中。这正是康德认识论的新贡献之所在。
In modern times, when philosophy shifted the focus of its investigation from ancient ontology to epistemology, it is a question of all the reactionists who feel headache because of their understanding of ideology as an object of material existence. Kant argues that the subject does not recognize purely natural objects (objects of self), but “subjects of experience,” which the subject forms with innate forms of time and space and sensuous materials. In this way, Kant uses “the object of experience to replace the material object, that is, to move the object of knowledge from the outside of the subject to the subject, so as to solve the problem of the consistency between the object of knowledge and that of the object. , Kant came to a complete reversal: not knowing how to conform to the object, but how the object accords with cognition; not being subjectively passive to nature, but actively adopting the law for nature .That is, Kant praised himself as ”Copernicus Revolution. "We have always been Kant critics of this change, that Kant epistemology is a mixture of idealist a priori and agnosticism.This paper argues that Kant’s this is a profound reversal.It actually put forward the objective truth (with universal The understanding of necessity) is not in negative emotional reflection, but in active and rational thinking, which is the new contribution of Kant’s epistemology.