NSR:One of the goals of AAAS is to promote science and inno-vation. Whats the best way to go about it?Schaal: The key to providing discoveries and keeping new tech-nologies and new industries growing is to develop policies to fos-ter the entire innovation pipeline—from basic science through the application of research findings. The value of basic research has been called into question repeatedly. This is partly because the connection between free-flowing, curiosity-driven research enterprise and the benefits our societies receive is not straight-forward.