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一、形式肯定,意义否定
1. “too ... to ...”结构,表示“太……以致不能……”。例如:
We are too tired to walk any farther. 我们太累不能再往前走。
She is too young to go to school. 他太小还不能上学。
注意:如果too后形容词表示主语的状态、心理活动、情感态度,如glad,easy,ready, anxious, eager, willing, happy, etc.,并与其后的不定式构成固定搭配,这时too含有肯定意义,表示“very, extremely”的意思。例如:
They are too anxious to know the result of the exam.他们极想知道考试结果。
Mr. Brown was too eager to see you. 布朗先生极想见到你。
I’m too happy to meet you.见到你非常地高兴。
2. “……否定词 + but + 肯定形式的谓语”,意为“没有……不……”。but是否定意义的关系代词,相当于who / that ... not ... 或without doing。例如:
In their class there is no one but hopes to go to university.
= In their class there is no one who does not hope to go to university. 在他们班没有不希望上大学的人。
There is nobody but makes mistakes.
= There is nobody who doesn’t make mistakes.人人都会犯错误。
There is no parents but love their own children.
= There is no parents who don’t love their own children.没有不喜欢自己小孩的父母亲。
二、形式否定,意义肯定
1. “cannot ... too ...” 意为“无论怎样……也不过分;越……越好”。此结构中的not可以换成 hardly,never或scarcely; too可以换成too much , over或enough,其意思不变。例如:
You cannot be too careful. (= You cannot be over careful. / You cannot be careful enough.)你越仔细越好。
A man can never have too many friends.朋友越多越好。
You can hardly be careful enough in choosing friends.择友时越小心越好。
Lei Feng is such a great man that we can’t praise him too much.雷锋是一位非常伟大的人,我们无论怎样表扬他都不过分。
2. cannot help doing (= cannot help but do)意为“不得不……;忍不住……”。例如:
We cannot help refusing her offer. (= We cannot help but refuse her offer.)我们不得不拒绝她的建议。
We can’t help thinking Lei Feng is still alive.我们总是认为雷锋还活着。
3. hardly / scarcely / rarely…when …以及 no sooner … than 意为“一……就……”。使用此句型时应注意:①主句用过去完成时态,从句用一般过去时态;②hardly / scarely / rarely / no sooner放在句首时,从句采用部分倒装语序。例如:
They had hardly arrived when they started to work. (= Hardly had they arrived when they started to work.) 他们一到就开始工作。
He had no sooner had supper when he went out. (= No sooner had he had supper than he went out.)他一吃完晚饭就出去了。
4. “主语 + 否定谓语 + until + 从句”,意为“ 直到……才……”。
I didn’t work until he came back.他回来我才开始工作。
She didn’t fall asleep until (it was) twelve.
= Not until (it was) twelve did she fall asleep.
= It was not until (it was) twelve that she fell asleep.直到十二点,她才睡着。
三、形式上否定主句,意义上否定从句
1. appear, seem, feel, look, sound, taste, smell等动词,否定形式在主句,但是否定意义转移到表语部分。例如:
It doesn’t seem as if it is going to rain.好像天不会下雨。
It doesn’t sound that this story is true.听起来这个故事不是真的。
2. think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine, feel, guess, fancy, assume, reckon, 等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中,即主句的谓语动词用否定式,而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。例如:
I don’t think she will arrive on time. 我想她不会按时到达的。
I don’t believe he will come. 我相信他不会来。
3. 含有否定词的原因状语从句的主从复合句,在形式上虽然是否定主句的谓语,然而在意义上则是否定该原因状语,意为“并不因为……而……”。例如:
The mountain is not valuable because it is high.山并不因为高而具有价值。(山不在高)
Galileo was not ready to accept it just because Aristotle had said so.伽利略并不会因为亚里斯多德说过某事如何如何就轻易相信它。
四、其它几种特殊的否定
1. ... not ... enough to do系双重否定结构,既否定enough前面的内容,又否定后面的动词不定式。例如:
He is not old enough to go to school.他年龄不够大不能去上学。
注意: ... enough not to do 只用来否定不定式。
2. 在appear, seem, happen(碰巧),chance(碰巧), pretend, expect, intend, want, wish, plan, tend 等动词后面跟动词不定式时,如果要构成否定句,否定词not既可以放在这些动词之前,也可以放在后面的动词不定式之前,意义完全相同,即否定后面不定式的内容。例如:
I didn’t happen to be there. (= I happened not to be there.)我恰巧不在那儿。
He did not seem to notice us. (= He seemed not to notice us.)他似乎没有注意到我们。
They didn’t pretend to see me when I went by. (= They pretended not to see me when I went by.)当我经过的时候,他们假装没有看见我。
She does not appear to appreciate your talents. ( = She appears not to appreciate your talents.)她好像不赏识你的才能。
3. 不定代词all, both, every及 every的复合词,副词always, often, entirely与 not一起使用时,表示部分否定,意思是“并非都是”,“不是每个人都”等。例如:
Every man cannot solve the problem.并非每个人都能解决这个问题。
I don’t entirely agree with them.我并不完全同意他们的意见。
She isn’t often late for school.她并非经常上学迟到。
注意:
1) 当all, both, every等词和带im-,in-, un-,dis-等表示否定意义的前缀的词连用时,表示全部否定的意义。例如:
All their answers are incorrect.他们所有的答案都不正确。
2) 表示全部否定时,我们常使用no, not, nobody, nothing, never, nowhere, neither等词。例如:
None of them can swim.他们都不会游泳。
4. “no + 形容词的比较级 + than …” 意为“和……一样不……(两者皆否定)”。例如:
Alice is no more diligent than Mary. (= Alice is not diligent, nor is Mary.)艾莉丝和玛丽一样不用功。
5. not more ... than意为“并不比……更……”(两者皆肯定,只是程度不同)。例如:
She is not more beautiful than her younger sister. 她并不比妹妹靓丽。
6. “ no more …than …” 意为“与……同样不”。例如:
He can no more siwm that I can fly.他不会游泳就像我不会飞一样。
1. “too ... to ...”结构,表示“太……以致不能……”。例如:
We are too tired to walk any farther. 我们太累不能再往前走。
She is too young to go to school. 他太小还不能上学。
注意:如果too后形容词表示主语的状态、心理活动、情感态度,如glad,easy,ready, anxious, eager, willing, happy, etc.,并与其后的不定式构成固定搭配,这时too含有肯定意义,表示“very, extremely”的意思。例如:
They are too anxious to know the result of the exam.他们极想知道考试结果。
Mr. Brown was too eager to see you. 布朗先生极想见到你。
I’m too happy to meet you.见到你非常地高兴。
2. “……否定词 + but + 肯定形式的谓语”,意为“没有……不……”。but是否定意义的关系代词,相当于who / that ... not ... 或without doing。例如:
In their class there is no one but hopes to go to university.
= In their class there is no one who does not hope to go to university. 在他们班没有不希望上大学的人。
There is nobody but makes mistakes.
= There is nobody who doesn’t make mistakes.人人都会犯错误。
There is no parents but love their own children.
= There is no parents who don’t love their own children.没有不喜欢自己小孩的父母亲。
二、形式否定,意义肯定
1. “cannot ... too ...” 意为“无论怎样……也不过分;越……越好”。此结构中的not可以换成 hardly,never或scarcely; too可以换成too much , over或enough,其意思不变。例如:
You cannot be too careful. (= You cannot be over careful. / You cannot be careful enough.)你越仔细越好。
A man can never have too many friends.朋友越多越好。
You can hardly be careful enough in choosing friends.择友时越小心越好。
Lei Feng is such a great man that we can’t praise him too much.雷锋是一位非常伟大的人,我们无论怎样表扬他都不过分。
2. cannot help doing (= cannot help but do)意为“不得不……;忍不住……”。例如:
We cannot help refusing her offer. (= We cannot help but refuse her offer.)我们不得不拒绝她的建议。
We can’t help thinking Lei Feng is still alive.我们总是认为雷锋还活着。
3. hardly / scarcely / rarely…when …以及 no sooner … than 意为“一……就……”。使用此句型时应注意:①主句用过去完成时态,从句用一般过去时态;②hardly / scarely / rarely / no sooner放在句首时,从句采用部分倒装语序。例如:
They had hardly arrived when they started to work. (= Hardly had they arrived when they started to work.) 他们一到就开始工作。
He had no sooner had supper when he went out. (= No sooner had he had supper than he went out.)他一吃完晚饭就出去了。
4. “主语 + 否定谓语 + until + 从句”,意为“ 直到……才……”。
I didn’t work until he came back.他回来我才开始工作。
She didn’t fall asleep until (it was) twelve.
= Not until (it was) twelve did she fall asleep.
= It was not until (it was) twelve that she fell asleep.直到十二点,她才睡着。
三、形式上否定主句,意义上否定从句
1. appear, seem, feel, look, sound, taste, smell等动词,否定形式在主句,但是否定意义转移到表语部分。例如:
It doesn’t seem as if it is going to rain.好像天不会下雨。
It doesn’t sound that this story is true.听起来这个故事不是真的。
2. think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine, feel, guess, fancy, assume, reckon, 等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中,即主句的谓语动词用否定式,而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。例如:
I don’t think she will arrive on time. 我想她不会按时到达的。
I don’t believe he will come. 我相信他不会来。
3. 含有否定词的原因状语从句的主从复合句,在形式上虽然是否定主句的谓语,然而在意义上则是否定该原因状语,意为“并不因为……而……”。例如:
The mountain is not valuable because it is high.山并不因为高而具有价值。(山不在高)
Galileo was not ready to accept it just because Aristotle had said so.伽利略并不会因为亚里斯多德说过某事如何如何就轻易相信它。
四、其它几种特殊的否定
1. ... not ... enough to do系双重否定结构,既否定enough前面的内容,又否定后面的动词不定式。例如:
He is not old enough to go to school.他年龄不够大不能去上学。
注意: ... enough not to do 只用来否定不定式。
2. 在appear, seem, happen(碰巧),chance(碰巧), pretend, expect, intend, want, wish, plan, tend 等动词后面跟动词不定式时,如果要构成否定句,否定词not既可以放在这些动词之前,也可以放在后面的动词不定式之前,意义完全相同,即否定后面不定式的内容。例如:
I didn’t happen to be there. (= I happened not to be there.)我恰巧不在那儿。
He did not seem to notice us. (= He seemed not to notice us.)他似乎没有注意到我们。
They didn’t pretend to see me when I went by. (= They pretended not to see me when I went by.)当我经过的时候,他们假装没有看见我。
She does not appear to appreciate your talents. ( = She appears not to appreciate your talents.)她好像不赏识你的才能。
3. 不定代词all, both, every及 every的复合词,副词always, often, entirely与 not一起使用时,表示部分否定,意思是“并非都是”,“不是每个人都”等。例如:
Every man cannot solve the problem.并非每个人都能解决这个问题。
I don’t entirely agree with them.我并不完全同意他们的意见。
She isn’t often late for school.她并非经常上学迟到。
注意:
1) 当all, both, every等词和带im-,in-, un-,dis-等表示否定意义的前缀的词连用时,表示全部否定的意义。例如:
All their answers are incorrect.他们所有的答案都不正确。
2) 表示全部否定时,我们常使用no, not, nobody, nothing, never, nowhere, neither等词。例如:
None of them can swim.他们都不会游泳。
4. “no + 形容词的比较级 + than …” 意为“和……一样不……(两者皆否定)”。例如:
Alice is no more diligent than Mary. (= Alice is not diligent, nor is Mary.)艾莉丝和玛丽一样不用功。
5. not more ... than意为“并不比……更……”(两者皆肯定,只是程度不同)。例如:
She is not more beautiful than her younger sister. 她并不比妹妹靓丽。
6. “ no more …than …” 意为“与……同样不”。例如:
He can no more siwm that I can fly.他不会游泳就像我不会飞一样。