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摘要[目的] 研究添加不同剂量植物甾醇对泌乳前期荷斯坦奶牛生产性能及繁殖性能的影响。[方法] 选用泌乳期相近的健康荷斯坦奶牛16头,随机分成4组,Ⅰ组为空白对照组,饲喂基础日粮,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组分别在基础日粮中添加200、400和800 mg/d植物甾醇,研究不同添加量的植物甾醇对奶牛生产性能及繁殖性能指标的影响。[结果] Ⅱ组奶牛生产指标的变化最为明显。与空白对照组相比,Ⅱ组乳密度显著提高 (P<0.05),奶牛乳酸度、首次参配时间和空怀时间显著下降(P<0.05)。与空白对照组相比,Ⅳ组牛乳乳脂、总干物质及酸度显著提高 (P<0.05) ,牛乳中非脂固形物含量及奶牛体温显著下降 (P<0.05)。[结论] 添加植物甾醇可提高奶牛的泌乳量,并促进奶牛发情,缩短首次参配时间和空怀时间,改善奶牛体质,其中200 mg/d植物甾醇为最适添加量。
关键词植物甾醇;奶牛;牛乳;繁殖性能;饲料添加剂
中图分类号S823.9+1文献标识码A文章编号0517-6611(2014)21-07030-03
Effect of Phytosterols on the Lactation Performance and Reproduction Performance of Dairy Cows in Early Lactating Stage
XIE Xinmei, HE Jianbin et al (College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866; Animal Husbandry Department of Liaoning Huishan Dairy Group, Shenyang,Liaoning 110866)
Abstract [Objective] The research aimed to study the effects of adding different dose of phytosterol on the production performance and reproduction performance of Holstein dairy cows in early lactating stage. [Method] 16 healthy Holstein dairy cows with similar lactating stage were randomly divided into 4 groups (I, II, III, IV groups). The dairy cows in group I(blank control group) were fed with the basal diet. The dairy cows in group II, III, IV group were fed with the basal diet with adding 200, 400 and 800 mg/d phytosterol. The effects of adding different dose of phytosterol on the production performance and reproduction performance of dairy cows were studied. [Result] The production indices of dairy cows in group II had the most obvious changes. Compared with group I, the milk density in group II was significantly increased (P<0.05), milk acidity, the first hybridization age and nonpregnant time were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Compared with group I, milk fat,total dry matter and acidity of milk in group IV were significantly decreased (P<0.05), nonfat solids content in the milk and body temperature were significantly decreased (P<0.05). [Conclusion] Adding phytosterol could improve milk yield of dairy cows, promote the oestrus of dairy cows, shorten the first hybridization age and nonpregnant time and improve the physical condition. The optimum adding amount of phytosterol was 200 mg/d.
Key words Phytosterol; Dairy cow; Milk; Reproduction performance; Feed additive
植物甾醇是甾体类化合物,含28~29个碳原子,其结构与动物性甾醇结构相似,C-3位羟基是重要的活性基团,属于植物细胞的重要组成成分。植物甾醇的衍生物主要分为甾烷醇和甾醇酯2种。植物甾醇分为游离型和酯化型2种,前者在各种油料种子中含量较高,而后者则在谷类食物中含量较高。最常见的植物甾醇有谷甾醇、菜籽甾醇、菜油甾醇和豆甾醇等。植物甾醇能够降低血液中胆固醇含量[1],降低心血管疾病发病率[2],有抗氧化作用[3],改善肝功能,有抗癌作用[4],具有抗病毒、类激素功能[5],并起到免疫调节、调节生长[6]、抗炎、镇痛等作用。因此,含植物甾醇的饲料添加剂可应用于畜禽饲养,具有促进动物生长、提高产量以及降低成本等功效。 1 材料与方法
1.1试验动物及其分组 选择健康体格相近的荷斯坦奶牛16头,采用单因素多水平试验设计将试验动物随机分成4组,每组4头。Ⅰ组为空白对照组,饲喂基础日粮;Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组分别在基础日粮中添加200、400和800 mg/d植物甾醇。
1.2主要仪器与药品
1.2.1主要仪器。乳成分测试仪、体细胞计数仪、50S Tringa Linear Vet便携式兽用B超仪等。
1.2.2药品。试验用植物甾醇(纯度95%,批号为K121222,其中β谷甾醇42.4%,菜油甾醇25.9%,豆甾醇25.5%,菜籽甾醇1.4%),由西安开来生物工程有限公司提供。
1.3试验管理 奶牛饲养模式为散栏饲养,水槽自由饮水。正试前经过7 d预试,记录奶牛健康状况,预试结束后开始正式试验。Ⅰ组饲喂原奶牛场配方配制的日粮(添加0 mg/d植物甾醇),Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组分别饲喂添加200、400和800 mg/d植物甾醇的日粮,每天早晨一次性投入TMR全混合日粮中,整个试验持续28 d。
1.4样品采集 试验奶牛采用挤奶器挤奶,每周测定3次每头奶牛的产奶量,并取平均值。每周取一个测定日各次挤奶时抽取奶样的混合样,并装于50 ml离心管中,4 ℃下保存,用于测定乳成分。试验奶牛通过目测和触摸对奶牛尾根、后躯和腰部的皮下脂肪积蓄情况进行直观评分,并测量直肠体温,每天对每头奶牛的发情情况进行观察,配种后35 d进行B超妊检、60 d进行复检。通过B超进行妊娠时间的确认与推算,并依据牛群大账对奶牛空怀时间进行推算。
1.5数据处理 试验数据使用Excel 2003进行归类整理,应用SPSS17.0软件包进行单因素方差分析,采用Duncan氏法进行多重比较,结果均以平均值±标准误表示,P<0.05表示差异显著。
2结果与分析
2.1奶牛生产性能由表1可知,添加植物甾醇后产奶量先上升后下降再上升,各添加组均可使奶牛产乳量上升,但与对照组差异均不显著。从时间上来看,奶牛的产奶量随时间升高,给药后3周最高。
3.2不同水平植物甾醇对奶牛繁殖性能的影响 由于选用的实验动物是泌乳前期的奶牛,试验初始阶段的奶牛并未配种,试验后给药组的奶牛首配时间提前,空怀时间缩短,发情正常,说明植物甾醇在维持奶牛的第二性征等方面起到了良好的作用。
植物甾醇可以提高奶牛的泌乳量,其中200 mg/d植物甾醇添加量为最佳筛选剂量,在促进泌乳量的同时对乳成分及乳的生化指标无不良影响。植物甾醇可以促进奶牛发情,缩短首次参配时间和空怀时间,改善奶牛体质。
参考文献
[1] TAN Z L,LE K,MOGHADASIAN M,et al.Enzymatic synthesis of phytosteryl docosahexaneates and evaluation of their antiatherogenic effects in apoE deficient mice[J].Food Chemistry,2012,134:2097-2104.
[2] 王玉,刘滨城,任运宏,等.植物甾醇酯对高脂血症小鼠的降血脂作用研究[J].食品科学,2011,32(17):326-329.
[3] ASHUTOSH SINGH.Sitosterol as an antioxidant in frying oils[J].Food Chemistry,2013,137: 62-67.
[4] BRADFORD P G,AWAD A B.Phytosterols as anticancer compounds [J].Molecular Nutrition and Food Research,2007,51:161-170.
[5] AWAISHEH S S,KHALIFEH M S,ALRUWAILI M A,et al.Effect of supplementation of probiotics and phytosterols alone or in combination on serum and hepatic lipid profiles and thyroid hormones of hypercholesterolemic rats[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2013,96(1):9-15.
[6] 李伟,钟翔,华荣蓉,等.植物甾醇对断奶仔猪生产性能和血液生化指标的影响[J].家畜生态学报,2010(2):58-63.
关键词植物甾醇;奶牛;牛乳;繁殖性能;饲料添加剂
中图分类号S823.9+1文献标识码A文章编号0517-6611(2014)21-07030-03
Effect of Phytosterols on the Lactation Performance and Reproduction Performance of Dairy Cows in Early Lactating Stage
XIE Xinmei, HE Jianbin et al (College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866; Animal Husbandry Department of Liaoning Huishan Dairy Group, Shenyang,Liaoning 110866)
Abstract [Objective] The research aimed to study the effects of adding different dose of phytosterol on the production performance and reproduction performance of Holstein dairy cows in early lactating stage. [Method] 16 healthy Holstein dairy cows with similar lactating stage were randomly divided into 4 groups (I, II, III, IV groups). The dairy cows in group I(blank control group) were fed with the basal diet. The dairy cows in group II, III, IV group were fed with the basal diet with adding 200, 400 and 800 mg/d phytosterol. The effects of adding different dose of phytosterol on the production performance and reproduction performance of dairy cows were studied. [Result] The production indices of dairy cows in group II had the most obvious changes. Compared with group I, the milk density in group II was significantly increased (P<0.05), milk acidity, the first hybridization age and nonpregnant time were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Compared with group I, milk fat,total dry matter and acidity of milk in group IV were significantly decreased (P<0.05), nonfat solids content in the milk and body temperature were significantly decreased (P<0.05). [Conclusion] Adding phytosterol could improve milk yield of dairy cows, promote the oestrus of dairy cows, shorten the first hybridization age and nonpregnant time and improve the physical condition. The optimum adding amount of phytosterol was 200 mg/d.
Key words Phytosterol; Dairy cow; Milk; Reproduction performance; Feed additive
植物甾醇是甾体类化合物,含28~29个碳原子,其结构与动物性甾醇结构相似,C-3位羟基是重要的活性基团,属于植物细胞的重要组成成分。植物甾醇的衍生物主要分为甾烷醇和甾醇酯2种。植物甾醇分为游离型和酯化型2种,前者在各种油料种子中含量较高,而后者则在谷类食物中含量较高。最常见的植物甾醇有谷甾醇、菜籽甾醇、菜油甾醇和豆甾醇等。植物甾醇能够降低血液中胆固醇含量[1],降低心血管疾病发病率[2],有抗氧化作用[3],改善肝功能,有抗癌作用[4],具有抗病毒、类激素功能[5],并起到免疫调节、调节生长[6]、抗炎、镇痛等作用。因此,含植物甾醇的饲料添加剂可应用于畜禽饲养,具有促进动物生长、提高产量以及降低成本等功效。 1 材料与方法
1.1试验动物及其分组 选择健康体格相近的荷斯坦奶牛16头,采用单因素多水平试验设计将试验动物随机分成4组,每组4头。Ⅰ组为空白对照组,饲喂基础日粮;Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组分别在基础日粮中添加200、400和800 mg/d植物甾醇。
1.2主要仪器与药品
1.2.1主要仪器。乳成分测试仪、体细胞计数仪、50S Tringa Linear Vet便携式兽用B超仪等。
1.2.2药品。试验用植物甾醇(纯度95%,批号为K121222,其中β谷甾醇42.4%,菜油甾醇25.9%,豆甾醇25.5%,菜籽甾醇1.4%),由西安开来生物工程有限公司提供。
1.3试验管理 奶牛饲养模式为散栏饲养,水槽自由饮水。正试前经过7 d预试,记录奶牛健康状况,预试结束后开始正式试验。Ⅰ组饲喂原奶牛场配方配制的日粮(添加0 mg/d植物甾醇),Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组分别饲喂添加200、400和800 mg/d植物甾醇的日粮,每天早晨一次性投入TMR全混合日粮中,整个试验持续28 d。
1.4样品采集 试验奶牛采用挤奶器挤奶,每周测定3次每头奶牛的产奶量,并取平均值。每周取一个测定日各次挤奶时抽取奶样的混合样,并装于50 ml离心管中,4 ℃下保存,用于测定乳成分。试验奶牛通过目测和触摸对奶牛尾根、后躯和腰部的皮下脂肪积蓄情况进行直观评分,并测量直肠体温,每天对每头奶牛的发情情况进行观察,配种后35 d进行B超妊检、60 d进行复检。通过B超进行妊娠时间的确认与推算,并依据牛群大账对奶牛空怀时间进行推算。
1.5数据处理 试验数据使用Excel 2003进行归类整理,应用SPSS17.0软件包进行单因素方差分析,采用Duncan氏法进行多重比较,结果均以平均值±标准误表示,P<0.05表示差异显著。
2结果与分析
2.1奶牛生产性能由表1可知,添加植物甾醇后产奶量先上升后下降再上升,各添加组均可使奶牛产乳量上升,但与对照组差异均不显著。从时间上来看,奶牛的产奶量随时间升高,给药后3周最高。
3.2不同水平植物甾醇对奶牛繁殖性能的影响 由于选用的实验动物是泌乳前期的奶牛,试验初始阶段的奶牛并未配种,试验后给药组的奶牛首配时间提前,空怀时间缩短,发情正常,说明植物甾醇在维持奶牛的第二性征等方面起到了良好的作用。
植物甾醇可以提高奶牛的泌乳量,其中200 mg/d植物甾醇添加量为最佳筛选剂量,在促进泌乳量的同时对乳成分及乳的生化指标无不良影响。植物甾醇可以促进奶牛发情,缩短首次参配时间和空怀时间,改善奶牛体质。
参考文献
[1] TAN Z L,LE K,MOGHADASIAN M,et al.Enzymatic synthesis of phytosteryl docosahexaneates and evaluation of their antiatherogenic effects in apoE deficient mice[J].Food Chemistry,2012,134:2097-2104.
[2] 王玉,刘滨城,任运宏,等.植物甾醇酯对高脂血症小鼠的降血脂作用研究[J].食品科学,2011,32(17):326-329.
[3] ASHUTOSH SINGH.Sitosterol as an antioxidant in frying oils[J].Food Chemistry,2013,137: 62-67.
[4] BRADFORD P G,AWAD A B.Phytosterols as anticancer compounds [J].Molecular Nutrition and Food Research,2007,51:161-170.
[5] AWAISHEH S S,KHALIFEH M S,ALRUWAILI M A,et al.Effect of supplementation of probiotics and phytosterols alone or in combination on serum and hepatic lipid profiles and thyroid hormones of hypercholesterolemic rats[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2013,96(1):9-15.
[6] 李伟,钟翔,华荣蓉,等.植物甾醇对断奶仔猪生产性能和血液生化指标的影响[J].家畜生态学报,2010(2):58-63.