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1996年9月,国际标准组织(ISO)公布了两项环境管理标准:ISO14001环境管理体系——规范及使用指南及ISO14004环境管理体系——原则、体系与支援技术通用指南。ISO14001是企业在进行第三方审核及申请认证时必须符合的标准,而ISO14004则为如何建立及推行环境管理体系提供较详细的指引。值得注意的是,ISO14000标准系列的应用范围相当广泛,除了关注环境管理系统(EMS)的建立与推行外,还包括环境审核(EA)、环境标志(EL)、环境业绩评价(EPE)及生命循环评价(LCA)等。本文将简要介绍EMS、EA、EPE及LCA等系列的内容及其标准,并对EPE及LCA具争议性的项目提出建议。
In September 1996, the International Standards Organization (ISO) announced two environmental management standards: ISO 14001 Environmental Management System - Specification and Usage Guidelines and ISO 14004 Environmental Management System - General Guidelines for Principles, Systems, and Supporting Technologies. ISO 14001 is a standard that companies must meet when conducting third-party audits and certification applications, while ISO 14004 provides more detailed guidance on how to establish and implement an environmental management system. It is noteworthy that the ISO 14000 standard series has a wide range of applications. Apart from focusing on the establishment and implementation of environmental management systems (EMS), it also includes environmental review (EA), environmental labeling (EL), environmental performance evaluation (EPE), and life. Loop evaluation (LCA) and so on. This article will briefly introduce the contents of the EMS, EA, EPE and LCA series and their standards, and make suggestions for the controversial projects of EPE and LCA.