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Following the inscription of China’s Tusi ( native officials ) relics onto the list of world cultural heritage in 2015 , Tusi studies has already become a current topic. However, if we ignored the numerous and complicated historical events, the tremendous amount of historical materials and cases with different characteristics, it is difficult to realize a theoretical breakthrough and academic in-novation. Hence, if the academic world intends to find a new breakthrough in Tusi studies, enough attention should be given to the analysis of past e-vents, digging out historical materials, and case studies—only by which can Tusi studies be strengthened. 1 . Analysis of past events Scholarly research of the Tusi in the past has paid more attention to the system, culture ,and ap-plication of Tusi relics for inscription onto the list of world cultural heritage, but has ignored analysis of significant events. Due to the influence of the political right, economic benefit, and cultural in-filtration, there had always been competition be-tween the central government and the Tusi regime during the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. When some conflicts could not be resolved through nego-tiation, large-scale events or battles were the re-sult. Judging from current studies on every small or large battle between the central government and a Tusi regime, we can see that scholars always focus their studies on the background, process, result, historical influence and related evaluations. Up to now, no scholars have written a monograph of these big events closely related to the Tusi, which
is doubtlessly a pity when it comes to Tusi studies. We think that three issues should be noticed while analyzing big events related to the Tusi:1 ) taking the overall situation into consideration; 2 ) having theoretical sight; and 3 ) having a theoretical awareness. 2 . Uncovering historical materials The historical materials are especially impor-tant for the study of the Tusi system or Tusi issues. Therefore, digging deeper into the historical litera-ture is urgently required in the study of China’s Tu-si system and culture. Being classified by their representative form, historical materials related to the Tusi are mainly divided into literature, objects and oral history, among which literature is recor-ded in scripts, and is the richest one among the historical materials of the Tusi, including official historical records, administrative achievements, lo-cal historical records, biographies and genealo-gies, collected works and notes, unofficial histori-cal records and diaries. Just taking the archives of the Ming and Qing dynasties as an example, the Tusi historical material includes at least the follow-ing aspects:1 ) historical materials concerning the Tusi system;2 ) historical materials concerning the re-strictions and prohibitions relating to the Tusi;3 ) historical materials concerning the Tusi’s way of handling related issues;4 ) social life in Tusi are-as. Tusi historical material is the basis for studying China’s Tusi issues. If there are no Tusi historical materials as the basis, it is difficult to conduct re-search on Tusi issues. Therefore, we think that un-
covering and using Tusi historical material is the basis for the study of Tusi issues, as well as for the construction of the discipline of“Tusi studies”. No matter if it is a scholar’s individual research or the overall development of the “Tusi studies” disci-pline, we should increase our efforts in uncovering Tusi historical materials and database construction for Tusi literature. Taking the Tusi Qing Liangyu as a case study, this paper proposes three issues that should be noted while uncovering Tusi historical materials:1 ) the comprehensiveness while uncov-ering out Tusi historical materials; 2 ) objectivity while uncovering Tusi historical materials; and 3 ) follow - up work after uncovering Tusi historical materials. 3 . Case Studies While carrying out research on the An Clan Tusi of Shuixi, the Yang Clan Tusi of Bozhou and the Ma Clan Tusi of Shizhu over the past decade, we have made some new discoveries. If we say the An Clan Tusi of Shuixi was a representative who frequently rebelled against the central court, and the Yang Clan Tusi of Bozhou was a typical case who showed loyalty to the central court in the early days before finally rebelling, then we can say that the Ma Clan Tusi of Shizhu was a symbol of loyalty who always kept his allegiance to the central court. Hence , we feel that the research on the“big Tusi”of the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties is not e-nough, and we need to do deeper and more de-tailed work on case studies. 1 ) The possibility of doing case studies The Tusi system during the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties lasted for nearly 700 years. Some Tusi clans lasted for tens of generations, and the longest one even lasted for more than 40 genera-tions. No matter whether these Tusi clans lasted for a long time or a short time, their Tusi mansions are still standing, and have a deep influence on the lo-cal culture, so they could be explored as case studies. Another phenomena is that even if the length of a Tusi regime is not very long, a rich his-torical literature with unique value has been pre-
serverd. Therefore, it is possible to do an in -depth research on these Tusi by taking them as case studies. 2 ) The Inevitability of case studies It is through description of phenomena, narra-ting of facts, explanations of problems and compar-ison of types that case studies are used to construct theory. Judging from this method of research, case studies are an empirical research method. The main purpose of Tusi case studies is to construct some kind of theory through in-depth interpretation and research into the various aspects of a specific Tusi. This kind of social theory should become a bridge, connecting micro cognition with macro the-ory, and special cases with general theory. The appeal and vitality of Tusi case studies can also be extended with this theoretical construction. 3 . Systematicness of case studies Tusi case studies should follow the theory of systematology. According to the theory of systema-tology, scholars should take a certain specific Tusi as an overall system, and perform in-depth re-search into the structure and function of the Tusi while they conduct Tusi case studies. The main content for the research should include the mutual relations and changing rules of various sub -sys-tems, elements, and environments, in order to dis-cover their general rule. In summary, the Tusi system existed in China for nearly 700 years, and has left rich historical cultural heritage. Although the related concepts, system, culture, and relics of the Tusi are very im-portant in Tusi studies, if numerous and complicat-ed past events, rich historical materials and cases with different characteristics are ignored, it is diffi-cult to achieve theoretical breakthroughs and aca-demic innovation.
is doubtlessly a pity when it comes to Tusi studies. We think that three issues should be noticed while analyzing big events related to the Tusi:1 ) taking the overall situation into consideration; 2 ) having theoretical sight; and 3 ) having a theoretical awareness. 2 . Uncovering historical materials The historical materials are especially impor-tant for the study of the Tusi system or Tusi issues. Therefore, digging deeper into the historical litera-ture is urgently required in the study of China’s Tu-si system and culture. Being classified by their representative form, historical materials related to the Tusi are mainly divided into literature, objects and oral history, among which literature is recor-ded in scripts, and is the richest one among the historical materials of the Tusi, including official historical records, administrative achievements, lo-cal historical records, biographies and genealo-gies, collected works and notes, unofficial histori-cal records and diaries. Just taking the archives of the Ming and Qing dynasties as an example, the Tusi historical material includes at least the follow-ing aspects:1 ) historical materials concerning the Tusi system;2 ) historical materials concerning the re-strictions and prohibitions relating to the Tusi;3 ) historical materials concerning the Tusi’s way of handling related issues;4 ) social life in Tusi are-as. Tusi historical material is the basis for studying China’s Tusi issues. If there are no Tusi historical materials as the basis, it is difficult to conduct re-search on Tusi issues. Therefore, we think that un-
covering and using Tusi historical material is the basis for the study of Tusi issues, as well as for the construction of the discipline of“Tusi studies”. No matter if it is a scholar’s individual research or the overall development of the “Tusi studies” disci-pline, we should increase our efforts in uncovering Tusi historical materials and database construction for Tusi literature. Taking the Tusi Qing Liangyu as a case study, this paper proposes three issues that should be noted while uncovering Tusi historical materials:1 ) the comprehensiveness while uncov-ering out Tusi historical materials; 2 ) objectivity while uncovering Tusi historical materials; and 3 ) follow - up work after uncovering Tusi historical materials. 3 . Case Studies While carrying out research on the An Clan Tusi of Shuixi, the Yang Clan Tusi of Bozhou and the Ma Clan Tusi of Shizhu over the past decade, we have made some new discoveries. If we say the An Clan Tusi of Shuixi was a representative who frequently rebelled against the central court, and the Yang Clan Tusi of Bozhou was a typical case who showed loyalty to the central court in the early days before finally rebelling, then we can say that the Ma Clan Tusi of Shizhu was a symbol of loyalty who always kept his allegiance to the central court. Hence , we feel that the research on the“big Tusi”of the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties is not e-nough, and we need to do deeper and more de-tailed work on case studies. 1 ) The possibility of doing case studies The Tusi system during the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties lasted for nearly 700 years. Some Tusi clans lasted for tens of generations, and the longest one even lasted for more than 40 genera-tions. No matter whether these Tusi clans lasted for a long time or a short time, their Tusi mansions are still standing, and have a deep influence on the lo-cal culture, so they could be explored as case studies. Another phenomena is that even if the length of a Tusi regime is not very long, a rich his-torical literature with unique value has been pre-
serverd. Therefore, it is possible to do an in -depth research on these Tusi by taking them as case studies. 2 ) The Inevitability of case studies It is through description of phenomena, narra-ting of facts, explanations of problems and compar-ison of types that case studies are used to construct theory. Judging from this method of research, case studies are an empirical research method. The main purpose of Tusi case studies is to construct some kind of theory through in-depth interpretation and research into the various aspects of a specific Tusi. This kind of social theory should become a bridge, connecting micro cognition with macro the-ory, and special cases with general theory. The appeal and vitality of Tusi case studies can also be extended with this theoretical construction. 3 . Systematicness of case studies Tusi case studies should follow the theory of systematology. According to the theory of systema-tology, scholars should take a certain specific Tusi as an overall system, and perform in-depth re-search into the structure and function of the Tusi while they conduct Tusi case studies. The main content for the research should include the mutual relations and changing rules of various sub -sys-tems, elements, and environments, in order to dis-cover their general rule. In summary, the Tusi system existed in China for nearly 700 years, and has left rich historical cultural heritage. Although the related concepts, system, culture, and relics of the Tusi are very im-portant in Tusi studies, if numerous and complicat-ed past events, rich historical materials and cases with different characteristics are ignored, it is diffi-cult to achieve theoretical breakthroughs and aca-demic innovation.