A highly charged ion (HCI) has a large potential energy, which is equal to the binding energies of all the elec-trons removed to create the ion. When such a slo
The CsI(Tl)crystal is regarded as all-important material for its excellent characters in high-energy physics experiments and used as the electro-magnetic calori
The focusing of the ion beam in plasmas[1??3] has received more and more attention. This is due to the reason that in practical applications, the beams are diff