论文部分内容阅读
Unit 10
1. By the time I got outside, the bus had already left. (P76) 我到外面时,公交车已经开走了。
【解析】 “by the time + 从句”意为“当/到……时”,其中从句的谓语动词常为一般过去时,主句的谓语动词常为过去完成时或一般过去时。例如:
By the time I got to my hometown, everyone was out to meet me. 我回到家乡时,大家都出来迎接我。
By the time I got up, my mother had already gone to work. 我起床时,妈妈已经去上班了。
by后面接表示将来的时间或将来动作时,意为“到将来的时间或动作为止”,主句的动作谓语动词通常为将来完成时,状态谓语动词可为一般将来时; by后面接表示过去的时间或动作时,意为“到过去的某一时间或动作为止”,主句的谓语动词常为过去完成时或一般过去时; by now意为“到现在为止”,通常与现在完成时连用。例如:
By the time this letter reaches you, I will have left the city. 你收到这封信的时候,我就已经离开这个城市了。
By the time he was fifteen, he had built a house for himself. 到他十五岁时,他已经为自己建了一所房子。
By the time I realized that she was a reporter, she had already left. 等我意识到她是记者时,她就已经走了。
By now, we have learnt about 3,000 words. 到目前为止,我们已经学了大约3,000个单词。
2. I’m taking a shower! (P76) 我正在洗澡呢!
【解析】 take a shower相当于have a shower, 意为“淋浴、洗澡”。英语中经常用“take a + 名词”表示与名词意义相同的动词的动作。例如: take a walk散步, take a rest休息一下, take a look看一看, take a trip旅行, take a bath洗个澡, take a nap小睡一会儿(午觉), take a drive乘马车, take a seat坐下。切记其中的不定冠词a不能漏掉。
3. I started walking, but I knew I couldn’t get to school on time. (P78) 我开始徒步走,但我知道我不可能准时到达学校了。
【解析】 on time的意思是“准时、按时、正点”,其反义词是late。 例如:
The plane took off on time. 飞机准时起飞。
You must always return your library book on time. 你必须经常准时归还从图书馆借的书籍。
而in time的意思是“及时”,其反义词是too late。 另外, in time后面可接介词for, on time后面则不能跟介词for。 例如:
I was just in time for the bus. 我正好赶上了那辆班车。
Please hand in your homework in time. 请及时交作业。
4. Luckily, my friend Tony and his dad came by in his dad’s car and they gave me a ride. (P78) 幸好我朋友托尼和他爸爸开车从我身边经过,他们让我搭了个便车。
【解析】 1) come by的意思是“从旁经过”,相当于pass through。 此外, come by还有“获得、得到”的意思,此时其意相当于get。 例如:
I saw them talking with each other when I came by the classroom. 我路过教室时,看到他们正在说话。
How did you come by that picture? 你是怎么得到那幅画的?
2) give sb a ride意为“让某人搭便车”。相当于give sb a lift或give a ride to sb。 ride在此用作名词。例如:
Mr Li gave me a ride in his car to Jinan last week. 上周李先生让我搭他的车去了济南。
His father often gives me a ride to school. 他爸爸常让我搭便车去上学。
“ride + 表示交通工具的名词”表示“骑/乘自行车、摩托车、马等”。若交通工具为bus, taxi, train等时,则用take, 不用ride。 “ride a bike to + 地点”相当于“go to + 地点 + by bike”。
5. I only just made it to my class. (P78) 我刚刚好赶上上课。
【解析】 only just意为“刚刚、恰好”,还可表示“几乎不”,常位于行为动词之前。例如:
They have only just watered these flowers. 他们刚刚浇了这些花。
He’s only just moved to London. 他刚刚搬到伦敦去住。
He only just caught the train. 他恰好赶上火车。
6. What happened to Dave on April Fool’s Day? (P79) 愚人节那天大卫出了什么事?
【解析】 happen to sb/sth意为“某人或某物发生了某事或出现某种情况”,多指发生不幸的事。 happen to do sth意为“碰巧发生某事”。 “It happens + (that)从句”表示“正巧、恰好”。此句式可换为“ happen + 动词不定式”结构。例如:
A bad accident happened to the family. 这家发生了不幸的事。
What happen to him, by the way? 顺便问一句,他后来怎么样了?
I happened to have met my father on my way home. 我在回家路上正好碰到了我爸爸。
It happened that she was busy then. (= She happened to be busy then.) 她碰巧当时正忙。
I happened to be out when he called. 他来访时,我恰巧不在家。
7. Welles was so convincing that hundreds of people believed the story, and panic set off across the whole country. (P80) 威尔斯是如此让人信任,以至于成百上千的人相信这个故事,举国上下一片恐慌。
【解析】 that后面是个并列句。其中前一个分句是“Welles was so convincing that ... story”; 后一个分句是“panic set off across ... country”。 that引导的是结果状语从句, that之前是主句。 “so ... that”意为“那么(表程度)、如此……以至于……”, so后面跟形容词或副词。 so ... that复合句可以换成下列四种简单句:
① 当that从句是否定结构,从句的主语与主句的主语相同时,可用too ... to ... 替换。例如: The boy is so young that he can’t go to school. (= The boy is too young to go to school.) 这个男孩太小了,还不能上学。
② that从句是否定结构,从句的主语与主句的主语不相同时,可用“too ... for sb to do ...”结构替换。例如: The suit was so expensive that I could not buy it. (= The suit was too expensive for me to buy.) 这套衣服太贵,我买不起。
③ that从句是肯定结构,从句的主语与主句的主语不相同时,可用“... enough for sb to do ...”结构替换。例如: He ran so slowly that I could catch up with him. (= He ran slowly enough for me to catch up with him.) 他跑得太慢了,我能赶上他
④ that从句是肯定结构,从句的主语与主句的主语相同时,可用“... enough to do ...”结构替换。例如: He ran so quickly that he won the race. (= He ran quickly enough to win the race.) 他跑得太快了,结果在比赛中获胜了。
8. By the time the authorities revealed that the story was a hoax, thousands of people had fled from their homes. (P80) 到权威机构揭露这个故事是一个骗局时,成千上万的人已经逃离了他们的家园。
【解析】 flee是个动词,意为“逃跑、避开”,多指由于害怕而逃走,既可用作及物动词,又可用作不及物动词,其过去式和过去分词都是fled。 flee作不及物动词用时,后面要接from短语。例如:
The children fled the burning room. 孩子们都从着火的房间里逃了出来。
The cat fled from the dog. 猫从狗那里逃走了。
The robbers fled from their houses when they saw the police. 强盗们看见警察便逃离了他们的家。
9. One April Fool’s Day, a reporter in England announced that there would be no more spaghetti because the spaghetti farmers in Italy had stopped growing spaghetti. (P80) 有一次过愚人节,英国的一个记者声称将不会再有意大利式的细面条了,因为意大利的农民已经停止生产这种面条了。
【解析】 这是个主从复合句,主句是One April Food’s Day, a reporter in England announced, that引导的是一个过去将来时的宾语从句。在宾语从句中,又有一个由because引导的原因状语从句, a reporter in England中的in England是作reporter的后置定语。
10. Many people ran to their local supermarket to buy as much spaghetti as they could. (P80) 许多人跑到当地超市,抢购尽可能多的面条。
【解析】 “as + 形容词/副词的原级 + as sb can/could”意为“尽可能地……”,在句中作状语,意义上相当于“as + 形容词/副词的原级 + as possible”。 例如:
I’ll help you as far as I can. 我将尽我所能帮助你。
I’ll get back to you as soon as I can. 我会尽快给你回音。
Can you say it as loudly as possible? 你能尽可能地大声说吗?
11. By the time people realized that the story was a hoax, all of the spaghetti across the country had been sold out. (P80) 等到人们意识到这是个骗局时,全国的意大利面条已被抢购一空了。
【解析】 By the time引导的从句中谓语动词常用一般过去时。 had been sold out是过去完成时的被动式。现在完成时的被动语态由“have/has + been + 及物动词的过去分词”构成,表示到目前为止某个动作已经被完成,句中常含有already, up to now, “since + 时间点”等标志性状语。过去完成时的被动语态由“had + been + 及物动词的过去分词”构成,表示某个被动动作发生在“过去的过去”。例如:
She hasn’t been told about the plan. 没有人告诉她这项计划。
Jack’s bag has been found. 杰克的包已经找到了。
When I got to the store, the red dresses had been sold out. 当我到达商店时,红色连衣裙已经售完了。
We were appalled when we heard that the boss had been murdered. 听说老板被谋杀,我们都吓坏了。
12. He asked her to marry him. She was thrilled because she really wanted to get married. (P80) 他向她求婚,她非常激动,因为她的确很想嫁给他。
【解析】 本句中的ask sb to do sth表示“请/要求某人去做某事”; ask sb about sth意为“向某人询问有关……的情况”; ask sb for sth意为“向某人要某物”; ask for意为“寻求、要求”。例如:
He asked his parents to buy him a new computer. 他让父母给他买台新电脑。
She always asks me about pop music. 她总是问我关于流行音乐的事。
The child often asks her for the money. 这个孩子经常向她要钱。
They asked me the time. 他们向我打听时间。
Why don’t you ask for help? 你为什么不寻求帮助呢?
marry常用作及物动词,后接表示人的词,意为“和……结婚”。“marry ... to ...”意为“将……嫁给……”。 marry还可表示“主持……的婚礼、证婚”。例如:
I am going to marry John. 我要和约翰结婚了。
They married their daughter to a rich man. 他们把女儿嫁给了一个富翁。
An old friend married them. 一位老朋友为他俩证婚。
be married to表示“和……结婚”,相当于marry sb。 例如:
She was married to a friend of mine. 她和我的一位朋友结了婚。
be married和get married表示“结婚(已婚)”。另外,表示两个人结婚已有一段时间时,不用get married/marry, 而要用be married。 例如:
Tom and Ann are going to get married next month. 汤姆和安下个月要结婚了。
They have been married for five years. 他们已经结婚五年了。
We got married in May, 2009. 我们是在2009年5月结的婚。
Unit 11
1. Excuse me. Could you please tell me where I can get a dictionary? (P86) 打扰了,请问我在哪里能买到一部词典呢?
【解析】 这是问路时的常用语,连接副词where引导的是宾语从句。在宾语从句中,主语应该在前,谓语应该在后。询问如何去某地时常用下列句子:
Excuse me. Could you tell me how to get to the train station? 劳驾,能不能告诉我去火车站怎么走?
Excuse me. Could you tell me the way to the park? 请问,你能告诉我去公园的路吗?
Which way is to the bus stop, please? 请问,去汽车站走哪条路?
Excuse me. How can I get to the post office? 请问,去邮局怎么走?
Excuse me. Is this the right way to No. 11 Middle School? 对不起,去十一中是不是走这条路?
Which is the shortest way to the sea, please? 请问,去海边哪条路最近?
I’m going to the Bank of China, which bus should I take? 我去中国银行,该乘哪路公共汽车?
2. Could you tell me how to get to the post office? (P87) 劳驾,能不能告诉我去火车站怎么走?
【解析】 本句中的how to get to the post office用作宾语。连接代词或连接副词引导的名词性从句可改为“连接代词或连接副词 + 不定式”。此结构常放在tell, show, teach, learn, know, wonder, forget, choose等动词或词组之后作宾语。例如:
We don’t know what to do with the boy. 我们不知道怎样处置这个男孩。
Do you know how to answer the question? 你知道如何回答这个问题吗?
“连接代/副词 + 不定式”还可在句中用作主语、表语和宾语补足语。例如:
How to deal with the old bike is a problem. (= It’s a problem how to deal with the old bike.) 如何处理这辆旧自行车是个问题。
The question is where to get a computer. 问题是到哪儿去买台电脑。
John will advise you whether to accept the job. 约翰将建议你是否接受这份工作。
3. Could you please tell me if there are any good museums in Newtown? (P87) 你能告诉我在新城里是不是有好博物馆吗?
【解析】 本句中的if是连词,意为“是否”,引导宾语从句,此处的if也可以用whether替代。又如:
I doubt whether/if he will come. 我怀疑他是否会来。
I wonder whether it is true. 我不知道这是不是真的。
但是,下列情况下只能用whether, 不能用if:
① 句中的whether or not不能用if or not取代。 例如:
I don’t know whether or not you like the flowers. 我不知道你是否喜欢这些花儿。
② 动词不定式前用whether, 不用 if。 例如:
She wondered whether to go. 她不知道是否要去。
③ 在介词后面引导宾语从句的whether, 不能用if取代。例如:
I worry about whether I have hurt her feelings. 我担心我,是否伤害了她的感情。
④ 只能用whether引导否定形式的宾语从句不能用if。 例如:
I don’t care whether it doesn’t rain. 天下不下雨我可不在乎。
4. I prefer being outside. Also, it’s usually crowded. (P88) 我更喜欢待在外面,而且那里通常很拥挤。
【解析】 1) prefer意为“宁愿,更喜欢”,相当于like better。 其后可接名词、动名词、不定式或从句,也可接“宾语 + 不定式”。例如:
Which of these two dresses do you prefer? 这两套衣服你喜欢哪一套?
Do you prefer milk? 你喜欢牛奶吗?
Do you prefer swimming in the river? 你喜欢在海里游泳吗?
2) “prefer ... to”是“宁愿……而不愿”、“喜欢……而不喜欢”的意思。 to连接的是两个供比较的事物。 prefer和to后面应接两个对等的词类。例如:
She prefers staying at home to playing outside. 她喜欢呆在家里而不喜欢在外面玩。
I prefer coffee to tea. 我喜欢咖啡胜过茶。
3) crowded是形容词,意为“拥挤的、挤满人或物的”。 “be crowded with ...”意为“挤满了……、塞满了……”。例如:
The street was crowded with people. 街上挤满了人。
5. There’s always something happening. (P88) 总要有事情发生。
【解析】 “there be + sb/sth + doing sth”意为“有某人或某物正在做……”。例如:
There are many children playing on the playground. 有很多孩子在操场上玩耍。
There were many people waiting in line at the bus stop. 有许多人正在公共汽车站排队候车。
There is a girl singing under the tree. 树下有个女孩在唱歌。
7. It’s also just fun to watch people. (P88) (在那里) 就算只是看看人也是一种乐趣。
【解析】 “It is + 形容词 + (for sb) + to do sth”中, it是形式主语,to watch people是真正的主语,其中sb为宾格代词或名词,是to watch的逻辑主语。例如:
It’s not easy to learn a foreign language. 学一门外语是不容易的。
It is very hard for us to answer these questions. 我们很难回答这些问题。
“It is + 形容词 + for sb + to do sth”句式可转换为: “It’s + 形容词 + that从句”或“To do sth is + 形容词”。例如:
It’s is good for you to live alone for some time. (= It is good that you live alone for some time.) (= To live alone for some time is good for you.) 你单独住一段时间会好一些。
6. Is that a good place to hang out? (P88) 那是一个闲逛的好地方吗?
【解析】 to hang out是后置定语,用来修饰 a good place。 “不定式 + 介词”作后置定语用时,介词不可省,介词后面也不能再有任何宾语。例如:
I have a lot of homework to do today. 今天我有好多作业要做。
I need some paper to write a letter on. 我需要一张纸写一封信。
I am looking for a house to live in. 我正在找一个房子住。
10. What kind of food do you like? (P89) 你喜欢什么样的食物?
【解析】 对这种特殊疑问句,要根据实际情况来回答。 kind是名词,意为“种类”。 “a kind of ...”意为“一种……”。 “all kinds of ...”意为“各种各样的……”。例如:
This kind of book is very interesting. 这种书非常有趣。
There are all kinds of toys at the exhibition. 展览会上有各种各样的玩具。
7. They have organized games and the staff dress up as clowns. (P90) 他们已经安排了节目,全体职员都将装扮成小丑。
【解析】 1) dress up意为“穿上盛装、乔装打扮”。例如:
She likes to dress up for a party. 她喜欢把自己打扮得漂漂亮亮去参加晚会。
She dressed up and went to meet her boy friend yesterday evening. 昨晚她穿上华丽服装去见男朋友。
dress意为“穿衣服”。 dress sb表示“给某人穿衣服”, dress作不及物动词用时,表示“穿好衣服”。例如:
Get up and dress quickly. 起来快穿好衣服。
She always dresses her baby. 她总是给她的小孩穿衣服。
2) be/get dressed意为“穿衣服”,表示自身的动作或穿衣状态。 be/get dressed in意为“穿着……衣服”。例如:
The old man can’t wash or get dressed himself. 这位老人不能自己洗脸穿衣。
Miss Li is well dressed. 李小姐衣着漂亮。
She was dressed in red. 她身穿红色衣服。
3) as用作介词时,意为“作为、当作”,后跟名词作宾语。例如:
In China we learn English as a foreign language. 在中国我们把英语作为一门外语来学。
As a pupil, you should study hard. 作为一名学生,你应该努力学习。
8. The expressions you use might depend on whom you are speaking to or how well you know them. (P92) 你选用什么用语,要看你和谁讲话,或者要看你们相互之间的熟悉程度。
【解析】 句中的depend on/upon表示“视……而定、决定于……、取决于……”,通常以事物或it作主语, on/upon可以省略。例如:
It depends (on) whether you want to do it or not. 这要看你是想做这件事还是不想。
The price depends on the quality. 价格得看质量而定。
depend on还表示“依靠、信赖、相信”,后接名词,代词,动名词或不定式。例如:
You can depend on me. 你可以相信我。
We can depend on his words. 我们可以相信他的话。
You’d better depend on him to do it. 你最好依靠他做这件事。
9. However, in order not to offend people, learning about language etiquette is just as important as learning grammar or vocabulary. (P92) 为了不得罪别人,学会语言礼仪就像学习语法或词汇一样重要。
【解析】 in order to后接动词原形,表示目的,意为“为了……、以……为目标、以便……”,可位于句首,也可位于句末,它的否定式为in order not to。 例如:
She went to the hall early in order to get a good seat. 她很早就到大厅去了,以便能找到一个好座位。
In order to catch the train, she hurried through her work. 为了赶上火车,她匆匆做完了她的工作。
Unit 12
1. You’re supposed to shake hands. (P94) 你们应该握握手。
【解析】 “be supposed to + 动词原形”意为“应该、理应、有……义务、被期望/要求……”。例如:
You are supposed to know the law. 你应该懂得这项法令。
We are supposed to get there at nine. 我们应该9点到那儿。
“be not supposed to + 动词原形”意为“不准、不应该、没有……义务、不被要求”。例如:
The people are not supposed to smoke here. 人们不可以在这儿抽烟。
You’re not supposed to play football on weekdays. 你们不得在工作日踢足球。
2. You should have asked what you were supposed to wear. (P95) 你应该问一下该穿什么衣服。
【解析】 “should + have done sth”意为“本应该做某事”,而实际上没有做,带有后悔、埋怨或责备的心态。例如:
You should have finished your homework first before you play computer games. 在玩电脑游戏前,你本应该先做完作业的。
You should have told your teacher, why not? 你本应该把这件事告诉老师,为什么没有告诉呢?
They shouldn’t have gone, but they did. 他们本不应该走,可他们却走了。
3. We often just drop by our friends’ homes. (P96) 我们经常顺便到朋友家串个门。
【解析】 drop by意为“顺便/偶然拜访”,相当于come over to和drop in。 drop by后接地点。 “drop in at + 地点”意为“顺便参观某地”; drop in on sb意为“顺便拜访某人”。例如:
Can you drop by my house this evening to discuss the science report? 今晚你能顺便来我家讨论一下这个科学报告吗?
Please drop in at my office when you happen to be free. 如果你碰巧有空的话,请到我的办公室来一下。
Be sure to drop in on me when you can spare a moment. 等你有空时别忘了顺便来看看我。
4. We never visit a friend’s house without calling first. (P96) 不预先打电话我们从不造访朋友家。
【解析】 without用作介词,意为“没有、无”,后接名词,代词或动名词。例如:
Nothing can live without water. 没有水,什么也活不了。
She went out without saying a word. 她一句话也没说就走出去了。
“without + 名词”意为“如果没有”,可与if引导的否定条件状语从句互换。例如:
We can’t finish the work without your help. (= We can’t finish the work if you don’t help us.) 如果没有你的帮助,我们就不能完成这项工作。
without作副词时,意为“在外面、在……外”。例如:
A tomato is red within and without. 西红柿里外都是红的。
5. Spending time with family and friends is very important to us. (P96) 与家人和朋友共度时光对我们非常重要。
【解析】 spending time with family and friends是动名词短语,用作主语。作主语用的动名词指一般的、非一次的、抽象的动作。这种结构一般可以换为“It is + 形容词 + to do sth”。 例如:
In Sweden, doing something for someone is the best gift. (= In Sweden, it is the best gift for someone to do something.) 在瑞典,为他人做些事情就是最好的礼物。
Reading English novels is really funny. (= It is really funny to read English novels.) 读英语小说真有意思。
6. You shouldn’t point at anyone with your chopsticks. (P97) 你不应该用筷子向人指指戳戳。
【解析】 point at意思是“指向”,相当于point to, 二者一般可互换。 point to意为“指向较近之物”, point at意为“指向较远之物”。 point后面也可直接跟名词或代词作宾语; at是介词,用来表方向,即“point ... at ...”。 例如:
The teacher pointed to one of the pictures. 老师指着其中的一幅图片。
She was pointing her finger at me. 她用手指指着我。
He pointed his gun at the enemy. 他举枪对准了敌人。
7. They go out of their way to make me feel at home. (P98) 他们特意花费心思让我感到像在家里一样舒适自在。
【解析】 1) go out of one’s way to do sth意思是“特意、专门(花心血?时间)做某事、不怕麻烦地做某事”。例如:
We went out of our way to help the poor children. 我们全力去帮助这些贫穷的孩子。
She went out of her way to be rude to us. 她故意粗暴地对待我们。
2) feel/be at home意思是“随便、无拘无束地”。例如:
I can feel at home in this kind of room. 在这样的房间里我感到像在家里一样。
Her genial smile made every guest feel at home. 她亲切的笑容使每个人都感觉像在家里一样。
8. You’re not supposed to eat anything with your hands except bread, not even fruit! (P98) 除面包外,你不应该用手拿着任何东西吃,甚至水果!
【解析】 1) except是介词,意思是“除了……之外”,意在“在一个整体中,除一个或多个(人或物)以外的其余都……”。例如:
We go to school every day except Sunday. 除了星期天,我们天天都上学。(星期天不上学)
Everyone is ready except/but you. 除了你以外,大家都准备好了。(你没准备好,其他人都准备好了)。
2) except for意为“除……之外”,意指除一点外的其他各部分。即除去瑕疵,强调整体。例如:
Your article is all right except for a few misprints. 你的文章没问题,只是有一些印刷上的错误。
Your drawing is good except for some of the colors. 你的绘画都很好,只是颜色上有些问题。
比较besides: besides意为“除……之外还有”,含有肯定的、附加的意思。即除一个或多个(人或物)外,“还有……也”。例如:
We study chemistry, physics and other subjects besides English. 除了英语,我们还学习化学、物理及其他学科。(学习的课程包括英语)
Two other boys were on duty besides Li Ming. 除了李明,还有两个男生值日。(值日生里也包括李明)
9. You can learn it easily by yourselves, and experiment with your own ideas. (P101) 你可以自学,也可以用自己的想法去尝试。
【解析】 learn sth by oneself意为“自学某些东西”,相当于teach oneself sth。 by oneself表示“独自地、单独地”,相当于alone。 例如:
Tom began to learn Chinese by himself at the age of ten. 汤姆10岁就开始自学中文了。
He can finish the homework by himself. 他能独立完成这项作业。
The girl did it all by herself. 这个女孩独自一人做了此事。
10. I find it difficult to remember everything, but I’m gradually getting used to things and don’t find them so strange any more. (P98) 我发现将这一切全都记住是很难的,但慢慢就对这些东西习惯了,也就不再觉得它们很怪异了。
【解析】 1) 在“find it + 形容词 + to do”中, it为形式宾语,真正的宾语为动词不定式to do, 形容词作宾语补足语。可用于此结构的动词有find, think, feel等。例如:
He found it very difficult to sleep and he was rather angry with the man upstairs. 他发现很难入睡,于是他就对住在楼上的人非常反感。
I think it important to study hard. 我认为努力学习很重要。
I found it very important to learn English well. 我发现学好英语很重要。
2) be/get used to (doing) sth表示“习惯于做某事”。 be used后面的to是介词,后接名词、代词或动名词。 be/get也可换为become。 例如:
I’ve become used to the climate here. 我已习惯这里的气候了。
He is used to living in the city. 他在城市里住惯了。
1. By the time I got outside, the bus had already left. (P76) 我到外面时,公交车已经开走了。
【解析】 “by the time + 从句”意为“当/到……时”,其中从句的谓语动词常为一般过去时,主句的谓语动词常为过去完成时或一般过去时。例如:
By the time I got to my hometown, everyone was out to meet me. 我回到家乡时,大家都出来迎接我。
By the time I got up, my mother had already gone to work. 我起床时,妈妈已经去上班了。
by后面接表示将来的时间或将来动作时,意为“到将来的时间或动作为止”,主句的动作谓语动词通常为将来完成时,状态谓语动词可为一般将来时; by后面接表示过去的时间或动作时,意为“到过去的某一时间或动作为止”,主句的谓语动词常为过去完成时或一般过去时; by now意为“到现在为止”,通常与现在完成时连用。例如:
By the time this letter reaches you, I will have left the city. 你收到这封信的时候,我就已经离开这个城市了。
By the time he was fifteen, he had built a house for himself. 到他十五岁时,他已经为自己建了一所房子。
By the time I realized that she was a reporter, she had already left. 等我意识到她是记者时,她就已经走了。
By now, we have learnt about 3,000 words. 到目前为止,我们已经学了大约3,000个单词。
2. I’m taking a shower! (P76) 我正在洗澡呢!
【解析】 take a shower相当于have a shower, 意为“淋浴、洗澡”。英语中经常用“take a + 名词”表示与名词意义相同的动词的动作。例如: take a walk散步, take a rest休息一下, take a look看一看, take a trip旅行, take a bath洗个澡, take a nap小睡一会儿(午觉), take a drive乘马车, take a seat坐下。切记其中的不定冠词a不能漏掉。
3. I started walking, but I knew I couldn’t get to school on time. (P78) 我开始徒步走,但我知道我不可能准时到达学校了。
【解析】 on time的意思是“准时、按时、正点”,其反义词是late。 例如:
The plane took off on time. 飞机准时起飞。
You must always return your library book on time. 你必须经常准时归还从图书馆借的书籍。
而in time的意思是“及时”,其反义词是too late。 另外, in time后面可接介词for, on time后面则不能跟介词for。 例如:
I was just in time for the bus. 我正好赶上了那辆班车。
Please hand in your homework in time. 请及时交作业。
4. Luckily, my friend Tony and his dad came by in his dad’s car and they gave me a ride. (P78) 幸好我朋友托尼和他爸爸开车从我身边经过,他们让我搭了个便车。
【解析】 1) come by的意思是“从旁经过”,相当于pass through。 此外, come by还有“获得、得到”的意思,此时其意相当于get。 例如:
I saw them talking with each other when I came by the classroom. 我路过教室时,看到他们正在说话。
How did you come by that picture? 你是怎么得到那幅画的?
2) give sb a ride意为“让某人搭便车”。相当于give sb a lift或give a ride to sb。 ride在此用作名词。例如:
Mr Li gave me a ride in his car to Jinan last week. 上周李先生让我搭他的车去了济南。
His father often gives me a ride to school. 他爸爸常让我搭便车去上学。
“ride + 表示交通工具的名词”表示“骑/乘自行车、摩托车、马等”。若交通工具为bus, taxi, train等时,则用take, 不用ride。 “ride a bike to + 地点”相当于“go to + 地点 + by bike”。
5. I only just made it to my class. (P78) 我刚刚好赶上上课。
【解析】 only just意为“刚刚、恰好”,还可表示“几乎不”,常位于行为动词之前。例如:
They have only just watered these flowers. 他们刚刚浇了这些花。
He’s only just moved to London. 他刚刚搬到伦敦去住。
He only just caught the train. 他恰好赶上火车。
6. What happened to Dave on April Fool’s Day? (P79) 愚人节那天大卫出了什么事?
【解析】 happen to sb/sth意为“某人或某物发生了某事或出现某种情况”,多指发生不幸的事。 happen to do sth意为“碰巧发生某事”。 “It happens + (that)从句”表示“正巧、恰好”。此句式可换为“ happen + 动词不定式”结构。例如:
A bad accident happened to the family. 这家发生了不幸的事。
What happen to him, by the way? 顺便问一句,他后来怎么样了?
I happened to have met my father on my way home. 我在回家路上正好碰到了我爸爸。
It happened that she was busy then. (= She happened to be busy then.) 她碰巧当时正忙。
I happened to be out when he called. 他来访时,我恰巧不在家。
7. Welles was so convincing that hundreds of people believed the story, and panic set off across the whole country. (P80) 威尔斯是如此让人信任,以至于成百上千的人相信这个故事,举国上下一片恐慌。
【解析】 that后面是个并列句。其中前一个分句是“Welles was so convincing that ... story”; 后一个分句是“panic set off across ... country”。 that引导的是结果状语从句, that之前是主句。 “so ... that”意为“那么(表程度)、如此……以至于……”, so后面跟形容词或副词。 so ... that复合句可以换成下列四种简单句:
① 当that从句是否定结构,从句的主语与主句的主语相同时,可用too ... to ... 替换。例如: The boy is so young that he can’t go to school. (= The boy is too young to go to school.) 这个男孩太小了,还不能上学。
② that从句是否定结构,从句的主语与主句的主语不相同时,可用“too ... for sb to do ...”结构替换。例如: The suit was so expensive that I could not buy it. (= The suit was too expensive for me to buy.) 这套衣服太贵,我买不起。
③ that从句是肯定结构,从句的主语与主句的主语不相同时,可用“... enough for sb to do ...”结构替换。例如: He ran so slowly that I could catch up with him. (= He ran slowly enough for me to catch up with him.) 他跑得太慢了,我能赶上他
④ that从句是肯定结构,从句的主语与主句的主语相同时,可用“... enough to do ...”结构替换。例如: He ran so quickly that he won the race. (= He ran quickly enough to win the race.) 他跑得太快了,结果在比赛中获胜了。
8. By the time the authorities revealed that the story was a hoax, thousands of people had fled from their homes. (P80) 到权威机构揭露这个故事是一个骗局时,成千上万的人已经逃离了他们的家园。
【解析】 flee是个动词,意为“逃跑、避开”,多指由于害怕而逃走,既可用作及物动词,又可用作不及物动词,其过去式和过去分词都是fled。 flee作不及物动词用时,后面要接from短语。例如:
The children fled the burning room. 孩子们都从着火的房间里逃了出来。
The cat fled from the dog. 猫从狗那里逃走了。
The robbers fled from their houses when they saw the police. 强盗们看见警察便逃离了他们的家。
9. One April Fool’s Day, a reporter in England announced that there would be no more spaghetti because the spaghetti farmers in Italy had stopped growing spaghetti. (P80) 有一次过愚人节,英国的一个记者声称将不会再有意大利式的细面条了,因为意大利的农民已经停止生产这种面条了。
【解析】 这是个主从复合句,主句是One April Food’s Day, a reporter in England announced, that引导的是一个过去将来时的宾语从句。在宾语从句中,又有一个由because引导的原因状语从句, a reporter in England中的in England是作reporter的后置定语。
10. Many people ran to their local supermarket to buy as much spaghetti as they could. (P80) 许多人跑到当地超市,抢购尽可能多的面条。
【解析】 “as + 形容词/副词的原级 + as sb can/could”意为“尽可能地……”,在句中作状语,意义上相当于“as + 形容词/副词的原级 + as possible”。 例如:
I’ll help you as far as I can. 我将尽我所能帮助你。
I’ll get back to you as soon as I can. 我会尽快给你回音。
Can you say it as loudly as possible? 你能尽可能地大声说吗?
11. By the time people realized that the story was a hoax, all of the spaghetti across the country had been sold out. (P80) 等到人们意识到这是个骗局时,全国的意大利面条已被抢购一空了。
【解析】 By the time引导的从句中谓语动词常用一般过去时。 had been sold out是过去完成时的被动式。现在完成时的被动语态由“have/has + been + 及物动词的过去分词”构成,表示到目前为止某个动作已经被完成,句中常含有already, up to now, “since + 时间点”等标志性状语。过去完成时的被动语态由“had + been + 及物动词的过去分词”构成,表示某个被动动作发生在“过去的过去”。例如:
She hasn’t been told about the plan. 没有人告诉她这项计划。
Jack’s bag has been found. 杰克的包已经找到了。
When I got to the store, the red dresses had been sold out. 当我到达商店时,红色连衣裙已经售完了。
We were appalled when we heard that the boss had been murdered. 听说老板被谋杀,我们都吓坏了。
12. He asked her to marry him. She was thrilled because she really wanted to get married. (P80) 他向她求婚,她非常激动,因为她的确很想嫁给他。
【解析】 本句中的ask sb to do sth表示“请/要求某人去做某事”; ask sb about sth意为“向某人询问有关……的情况”; ask sb for sth意为“向某人要某物”; ask for意为“寻求、要求”。例如:
He asked his parents to buy him a new computer. 他让父母给他买台新电脑。
She always asks me about pop music. 她总是问我关于流行音乐的事。
The child often asks her for the money. 这个孩子经常向她要钱。
They asked me the time. 他们向我打听时间。
Why don’t you ask for help? 你为什么不寻求帮助呢?
marry常用作及物动词,后接表示人的词,意为“和……结婚”。“marry ... to ...”意为“将……嫁给……”。 marry还可表示“主持……的婚礼、证婚”。例如:
I am going to marry John. 我要和约翰结婚了。
They married their daughter to a rich man. 他们把女儿嫁给了一个富翁。
An old friend married them. 一位老朋友为他俩证婚。
be married to表示“和……结婚”,相当于marry sb。 例如:
She was married to a friend of mine. 她和我的一位朋友结了婚。
be married和get married表示“结婚(已婚)”。另外,表示两个人结婚已有一段时间时,不用get married/marry, 而要用be married。 例如:
Tom and Ann are going to get married next month. 汤姆和安下个月要结婚了。
They have been married for five years. 他们已经结婚五年了。
We got married in May, 2009. 我们是在2009年5月结的婚。
Unit 11
1. Excuse me. Could you please tell me where I can get a dictionary? (P86) 打扰了,请问我在哪里能买到一部词典呢?
【解析】 这是问路时的常用语,连接副词where引导的是宾语从句。在宾语从句中,主语应该在前,谓语应该在后。询问如何去某地时常用下列句子:
Excuse me. Could you tell me how to get to the train station? 劳驾,能不能告诉我去火车站怎么走?
Excuse me. Could you tell me the way to the park? 请问,你能告诉我去公园的路吗?
Which way is to the bus stop, please? 请问,去汽车站走哪条路?
Excuse me. How can I get to the post office? 请问,去邮局怎么走?
Excuse me. Is this the right way to No. 11 Middle School? 对不起,去十一中是不是走这条路?
Which is the shortest way to the sea, please? 请问,去海边哪条路最近?
I’m going to the Bank of China, which bus should I take? 我去中国银行,该乘哪路公共汽车?
2. Could you tell me how to get to the post office? (P87) 劳驾,能不能告诉我去火车站怎么走?
【解析】 本句中的how to get to the post office用作宾语。连接代词或连接副词引导的名词性从句可改为“连接代词或连接副词 + 不定式”。此结构常放在tell, show, teach, learn, know, wonder, forget, choose等动词或词组之后作宾语。例如:
We don’t know what to do with the boy. 我们不知道怎样处置这个男孩。
Do you know how to answer the question? 你知道如何回答这个问题吗?
“连接代/副词 + 不定式”还可在句中用作主语、表语和宾语补足语。例如:
How to deal with the old bike is a problem. (= It’s a problem how to deal with the old bike.) 如何处理这辆旧自行车是个问题。
The question is where to get a computer. 问题是到哪儿去买台电脑。
John will advise you whether to accept the job. 约翰将建议你是否接受这份工作。
3. Could you please tell me if there are any good museums in Newtown? (P87) 你能告诉我在新城里是不是有好博物馆吗?
【解析】 本句中的if是连词,意为“是否”,引导宾语从句,此处的if也可以用whether替代。又如:
I doubt whether/if he will come. 我怀疑他是否会来。
I wonder whether it is true. 我不知道这是不是真的。
但是,下列情况下只能用whether, 不能用if:
① 句中的whether or not不能用if or not取代。 例如:
I don’t know whether or not you like the flowers. 我不知道你是否喜欢这些花儿。
② 动词不定式前用whether, 不用 if。 例如:
She wondered whether to go. 她不知道是否要去。
③ 在介词后面引导宾语从句的whether, 不能用if取代。例如:
I worry about whether I have hurt her feelings. 我担心我,是否伤害了她的感情。
④ 只能用whether引导否定形式的宾语从句不能用if。 例如:
I don’t care whether it doesn’t rain. 天下不下雨我可不在乎。
4. I prefer being outside. Also, it’s usually crowded. (P88) 我更喜欢待在外面,而且那里通常很拥挤。
【解析】 1) prefer意为“宁愿,更喜欢”,相当于like better。 其后可接名词、动名词、不定式或从句,也可接“宾语 + 不定式”。例如:
Which of these two dresses do you prefer? 这两套衣服你喜欢哪一套?
Do you prefer milk? 你喜欢牛奶吗?
Do you prefer swimming in the river? 你喜欢在海里游泳吗?
2) “prefer ... to”是“宁愿……而不愿”、“喜欢……而不喜欢”的意思。 to连接的是两个供比较的事物。 prefer和to后面应接两个对等的词类。例如:
She prefers staying at home to playing outside. 她喜欢呆在家里而不喜欢在外面玩。
I prefer coffee to tea. 我喜欢咖啡胜过茶。
3) crowded是形容词,意为“拥挤的、挤满人或物的”。 “be crowded with ...”意为“挤满了……、塞满了……”。例如:
The street was crowded with people. 街上挤满了人。
5. There’s always something happening. (P88) 总要有事情发生。
【解析】 “there be + sb/sth + doing sth”意为“有某人或某物正在做……”。例如:
There are many children playing on the playground. 有很多孩子在操场上玩耍。
There were many people waiting in line at the bus stop. 有许多人正在公共汽车站排队候车。
There is a girl singing under the tree. 树下有个女孩在唱歌。
7. It’s also just fun to watch people. (P88) (在那里) 就算只是看看人也是一种乐趣。
【解析】 “It is + 形容词 + (for sb) + to do sth”中, it是形式主语,to watch people是真正的主语,其中sb为宾格代词或名词,是to watch的逻辑主语。例如:
It’s not easy to learn a foreign language. 学一门外语是不容易的。
It is very hard for us to answer these questions. 我们很难回答这些问题。
“It is + 形容词 + for sb + to do sth”句式可转换为: “It’s + 形容词 + that从句”或“To do sth is + 形容词”。例如:
It’s is good for you to live alone for some time. (= It is good that you live alone for some time.) (= To live alone for some time is good for you.) 你单独住一段时间会好一些。
6. Is that a good place to hang out? (P88) 那是一个闲逛的好地方吗?
【解析】 to hang out是后置定语,用来修饰 a good place。 “不定式 + 介词”作后置定语用时,介词不可省,介词后面也不能再有任何宾语。例如:
I have a lot of homework to do today. 今天我有好多作业要做。
I need some paper to write a letter on. 我需要一张纸写一封信。
I am looking for a house to live in. 我正在找一个房子住。
10. What kind of food do you like? (P89) 你喜欢什么样的食物?
【解析】 对这种特殊疑问句,要根据实际情况来回答。 kind是名词,意为“种类”。 “a kind of ...”意为“一种……”。 “all kinds of ...”意为“各种各样的……”。例如:
This kind of book is very interesting. 这种书非常有趣。
There are all kinds of toys at the exhibition. 展览会上有各种各样的玩具。
7. They have organized games and the staff dress up as clowns. (P90) 他们已经安排了节目,全体职员都将装扮成小丑。
【解析】 1) dress up意为“穿上盛装、乔装打扮”。例如:
She likes to dress up for a party. 她喜欢把自己打扮得漂漂亮亮去参加晚会。
She dressed up and went to meet her boy friend yesterday evening. 昨晚她穿上华丽服装去见男朋友。
dress意为“穿衣服”。 dress sb表示“给某人穿衣服”, dress作不及物动词用时,表示“穿好衣服”。例如:
Get up and dress quickly. 起来快穿好衣服。
She always dresses her baby. 她总是给她的小孩穿衣服。
2) be/get dressed意为“穿衣服”,表示自身的动作或穿衣状态。 be/get dressed in意为“穿着……衣服”。例如:
The old man can’t wash or get dressed himself. 这位老人不能自己洗脸穿衣。
Miss Li is well dressed. 李小姐衣着漂亮。
She was dressed in red. 她身穿红色衣服。
3) as用作介词时,意为“作为、当作”,后跟名词作宾语。例如:
In China we learn English as a foreign language. 在中国我们把英语作为一门外语来学。
As a pupil, you should study hard. 作为一名学生,你应该努力学习。
8. The expressions you use might depend on whom you are speaking to or how well you know them. (P92) 你选用什么用语,要看你和谁讲话,或者要看你们相互之间的熟悉程度。
【解析】 句中的depend on/upon表示“视……而定、决定于……、取决于……”,通常以事物或it作主语, on/upon可以省略。例如:
It depends (on) whether you want to do it or not. 这要看你是想做这件事还是不想。
The price depends on the quality. 价格得看质量而定。
depend on还表示“依靠、信赖、相信”,后接名词,代词,动名词或不定式。例如:
You can depend on me. 你可以相信我。
We can depend on his words. 我们可以相信他的话。
You’d better depend on him to do it. 你最好依靠他做这件事。
9. However, in order not to offend people, learning about language etiquette is just as important as learning grammar or vocabulary. (P92) 为了不得罪别人,学会语言礼仪就像学习语法或词汇一样重要。
【解析】 in order to后接动词原形,表示目的,意为“为了……、以……为目标、以便……”,可位于句首,也可位于句末,它的否定式为in order not to。 例如:
She went to the hall early in order to get a good seat. 她很早就到大厅去了,以便能找到一个好座位。
In order to catch the train, she hurried through her work. 为了赶上火车,她匆匆做完了她的工作。
Unit 12
1. You’re supposed to shake hands. (P94) 你们应该握握手。
【解析】 “be supposed to + 动词原形”意为“应该、理应、有……义务、被期望/要求……”。例如:
You are supposed to know the law. 你应该懂得这项法令。
We are supposed to get there at nine. 我们应该9点到那儿。
“be not supposed to + 动词原形”意为“不准、不应该、没有……义务、不被要求”。例如:
The people are not supposed to smoke here. 人们不可以在这儿抽烟。
You’re not supposed to play football on weekdays. 你们不得在工作日踢足球。
2. You should have asked what you were supposed to wear. (P95) 你应该问一下该穿什么衣服。
【解析】 “should + have done sth”意为“本应该做某事”,而实际上没有做,带有后悔、埋怨或责备的心态。例如:
You should have finished your homework first before you play computer games. 在玩电脑游戏前,你本应该先做完作业的。
You should have told your teacher, why not? 你本应该把这件事告诉老师,为什么没有告诉呢?
They shouldn’t have gone, but they did. 他们本不应该走,可他们却走了。
3. We often just drop by our friends’ homes. (P96) 我们经常顺便到朋友家串个门。
【解析】 drop by意为“顺便/偶然拜访”,相当于come over to和drop in。 drop by后接地点。 “drop in at + 地点”意为“顺便参观某地”; drop in on sb意为“顺便拜访某人”。例如:
Can you drop by my house this evening to discuss the science report? 今晚你能顺便来我家讨论一下这个科学报告吗?
Please drop in at my office when you happen to be free. 如果你碰巧有空的话,请到我的办公室来一下。
Be sure to drop in on me when you can spare a moment. 等你有空时别忘了顺便来看看我。
4. We never visit a friend’s house without calling first. (P96) 不预先打电话我们从不造访朋友家。
【解析】 without用作介词,意为“没有、无”,后接名词,代词或动名词。例如:
Nothing can live without water. 没有水,什么也活不了。
She went out without saying a word. 她一句话也没说就走出去了。
“without + 名词”意为“如果没有”,可与if引导的否定条件状语从句互换。例如:
We can’t finish the work without your help. (= We can’t finish the work if you don’t help us.) 如果没有你的帮助,我们就不能完成这项工作。
without作副词时,意为“在外面、在……外”。例如:
A tomato is red within and without. 西红柿里外都是红的。
5. Spending time with family and friends is very important to us. (P96) 与家人和朋友共度时光对我们非常重要。
【解析】 spending time with family and friends是动名词短语,用作主语。作主语用的动名词指一般的、非一次的、抽象的动作。这种结构一般可以换为“It is + 形容词 + to do sth”。 例如:
In Sweden, doing something for someone is the best gift. (= In Sweden, it is the best gift for someone to do something.) 在瑞典,为他人做些事情就是最好的礼物。
Reading English novels is really funny. (= It is really funny to read English novels.) 读英语小说真有意思。
6. You shouldn’t point at anyone with your chopsticks. (P97) 你不应该用筷子向人指指戳戳。
【解析】 point at意思是“指向”,相当于point to, 二者一般可互换。 point to意为“指向较近之物”, point at意为“指向较远之物”。 point后面也可直接跟名词或代词作宾语; at是介词,用来表方向,即“point ... at ...”。 例如:
The teacher pointed to one of the pictures. 老师指着其中的一幅图片。
She was pointing her finger at me. 她用手指指着我。
He pointed his gun at the enemy. 他举枪对准了敌人。
7. They go out of their way to make me feel at home. (P98) 他们特意花费心思让我感到像在家里一样舒适自在。
【解析】 1) go out of one’s way to do sth意思是“特意、专门(花心血?时间)做某事、不怕麻烦地做某事”。例如:
We went out of our way to help the poor children. 我们全力去帮助这些贫穷的孩子。
She went out of her way to be rude to us. 她故意粗暴地对待我们。
2) feel/be at home意思是“随便、无拘无束地”。例如:
I can feel at home in this kind of room. 在这样的房间里我感到像在家里一样。
Her genial smile made every guest feel at home. 她亲切的笑容使每个人都感觉像在家里一样。
8. You’re not supposed to eat anything with your hands except bread, not even fruit! (P98) 除面包外,你不应该用手拿着任何东西吃,甚至水果!
【解析】 1) except是介词,意思是“除了……之外”,意在“在一个整体中,除一个或多个(人或物)以外的其余都……”。例如:
We go to school every day except Sunday. 除了星期天,我们天天都上学。(星期天不上学)
Everyone is ready except/but you. 除了你以外,大家都准备好了。(你没准备好,其他人都准备好了)。
2) except for意为“除……之外”,意指除一点外的其他各部分。即除去瑕疵,强调整体。例如:
Your article is all right except for a few misprints. 你的文章没问题,只是有一些印刷上的错误。
Your drawing is good except for some of the colors. 你的绘画都很好,只是颜色上有些问题。
比较besides: besides意为“除……之外还有”,含有肯定的、附加的意思。即除一个或多个(人或物)外,“还有……也”。例如:
We study chemistry, physics and other subjects besides English. 除了英语,我们还学习化学、物理及其他学科。(学习的课程包括英语)
Two other boys were on duty besides Li Ming. 除了李明,还有两个男生值日。(值日生里也包括李明)
9. You can learn it easily by yourselves, and experiment with your own ideas. (P101) 你可以自学,也可以用自己的想法去尝试。
【解析】 learn sth by oneself意为“自学某些东西”,相当于teach oneself sth。 by oneself表示“独自地、单独地”,相当于alone。 例如:
Tom began to learn Chinese by himself at the age of ten. 汤姆10岁就开始自学中文了。
He can finish the homework by himself. 他能独立完成这项作业。
The girl did it all by herself. 这个女孩独自一人做了此事。
10. I find it difficult to remember everything, but I’m gradually getting used to things and don’t find them so strange any more. (P98) 我发现将这一切全都记住是很难的,但慢慢就对这些东西习惯了,也就不再觉得它们很怪异了。
【解析】 1) 在“find it + 形容词 + to do”中, it为形式宾语,真正的宾语为动词不定式to do, 形容词作宾语补足语。可用于此结构的动词有find, think, feel等。例如:
He found it very difficult to sleep and he was rather angry with the man upstairs. 他发现很难入睡,于是他就对住在楼上的人非常反感。
I think it important to study hard. 我认为努力学习很重要。
I found it very important to learn English well. 我发现学好英语很重要。
2) be/get used to (doing) sth表示“习惯于做某事”。 be used后面的to是介词,后接名词、代词或动名词。 be/get也可换为become。 例如:
I’ve become used to the climate here. 我已习惯这里的气候了。
He is used to living in the city. 他在城市里住惯了。