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为有效控制防污漆中杀生物活性物质给海洋环境带来的不利影响,亟需开展活性物质的环境风险评估研究,为筛选环境友好型活性物质提供依据。以25种国产防污漆中的铜为评估对象,采用防污漆活性物质环境风险评估的针对性方法,分步进行暴露评估、危害性评估和风险表征。暴露评估采用海洋防污剂预测环境浓度模型(MAMPEC)中的港口、码头和开阔海域等典型暴露场景;危害性评估基于铜对淡水和海水水生生物的慢性毒性数据,采用物种敏感度分布法和评估因子法;风险表征采用熵值法。结果表明,铜对全部水生生物和海水生物的预测无效应浓度分别为2.8和2.3μg·L~(-1),藻类对铜最为敏感。除1种配方外,其余24种防污漆配方中铜的风险熵均小于1,可判定铜为“相对低风险”类活性物质,使用上述防污漆时铜对生态环境造成的风险较小。铜在不同暴露场景中的环境风险分析表明其对水流交换较弱海域的码头造成的风险最大,其次是默认港口和码头,对于公海造成的风险最小。根据现有的评估结果,设计含铜型防污漆配方时,应使铜的释放速率不大于33.5μg·cm~(-2)·d~(-1),以避免对较封闭海域的生态环境造成不可忽视的风险。
In order to effectively control the adverse effects of biocidal substances on the marine environment in antifouling paints, environmental risk assessment of active substances is urgently needed to provide a basis for screening environmentally friendly active substances. Taking copper from 25 kinds of domestic antifouling paints as the evaluation object, the exposure assessment, hazard assessment and risk characterization were carried out step by step with the targeted method of environmental risk assessment of antifouling paint active substances. Exposure Assessment Typical exposure scenarios such as ports, docks and open sea areas in MAMPEC were predicted using marine antifouling agents. Hazard Assessment Based on the chronic toxicity data of copper to freshwater and marine aquatic organisms, the use of species-sensitivity distribution and Evaluation factor method; risk characterization using the entropy method. The results showed that the predicted concentrations of copper for all aquatic organisms and marine organisms were 2.8 and 2.3 μg · L -1, respectively. Algae were the most sensitive to copper. With the exception of one formulation, the risk entropies of copper in the remaining 24 antifouling paint formulations were all less than 1, indicating that copper was “relatively low risk” and that the risk posed to copper by the use of the antifouling paint Smaller. Environmental risk analysis of copper in different exposure scenarios shows that it poses the greatest risk to docks with weaker water swaps, followed by default ports and docks, with the least risk to the high seas. According to the existing assessment results, the design of copper-containing anti-fouling paint should be such that the release rate of copper is not more than 33.5μg · cm -2 (-2) · d -1, so as to avoid affecting the ecology of the more enclosed area Environment caused by the risk can not be ignored.