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美国联邦最高法院通过对新泽西州诉T.L.O.案的裁决,创制了学校搜查和扣押的合理性标准,可概括为TIPS准则。TIPS准则呈现由合理怀疑和合理范围构成的双齿叉形态,具体由违禁物品、举报信息、地方或人身和搜查方法四个要素构成。它不同于《联邦宪法第四修正案》对警察提出的合理根据标准,只要有合理的而非必须绝对确切的怀疑,学校就可以进行搜查。虽然不同法院对此的态度宽严不同,但合理性标准是学校管理者必须遵循的最低标准。
The US Supreme Court passed the ruling on T.L.O. in Jersey State, creating a rationale for school searches and seizures that can be summarized in TIPS guidelines. The TIPS Guidelines present a bidentate form consisting of reasonable doubt and reasonable scope, consisting of prohibited items, whistleblower information, local or physical means, and search methods. It is different from the standard of reasonable justification for the police in the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution, and the school can conduct a search as long as there is a reasonable doubt, not necessarily absolute doubt. Although different courts have different attitudes toward this, the criterion of reasonableness is the minimum standard that school administrators must follow.