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摘 要：随着新媒体发展，网络时代的更新，新词特别是网络新词更是层出不穷。新词成为反映社会变动方面最为活跃，最为敏感的要素。隐喻俗称为使用一个词或短语表示一种思想或物体来取代另一个词或短语，它暗示了两者之间的相似性。隐喻被广泛应用于构造新词。本文以Fauconnier提出的概念整合理论为指导，以中英新词为载体，从认知语言学角度试图将新词分为三类，并对每一类新词构造过程中的隐喻现象进行解释，以便对概念整合理论有更深的理解，并加深对新词构成过程的理解。
关键词：新词;隐喻;概念整合理论
Metaphorical Analysis of Net Neologism
Abstract： With the arrival of the network era， new words emerge endlessly. New words become the most sensitive elements that reflect social changes. Metaphor， commonly known as the use of a word or phrase denoting one kind of idea or object in place of another word or phrase for purpose of suggesting a likeness between the two， is frequently used to produce new words. From the perspective of cognitive linguistics， the present paper attempts to classify neologisms into three groups， that is， the former part as vehicle， the latter part as vehicle and the integral word or phrases as vehicle. And we then analyze the function of metaphor in new words coinage by means of conceptual integration theory proposed by Gilles Fauconnier， to deepen the understanding of conceptual integration theory and the procedure of neologisms production.
Key words： Neologisms; Metaphor;Conceptual Integration Theory
一、Introduction
According to Wikipedia， a neologism is a newly coined term， word， or phrase that may be in the process of entering common use， but has not yet been accepted into mainstream language. From the early 20th century， western linguists began to pay attention to neologisms.
二、Metaphor and Conceptual Integration Theory Metaphor is a pervasive phenomenon in language. The study of metaphor could date back to Aristotle’s times. In his book rhetoric， he elaborates narrow metaphor， i.e. a figure of speech in which an expression is used to refer to something that it does not literally denote in order to suggest a similarity. Traditional grammar views metaphor as a merely rhetorical device. In 1980s， G.Lakeoff and Johnson paid attention to the cognitive function of metaphor in their book Metaphors We Live by. From the cognitive point of view， metaphor involves the comparison of two concepts in that one is construed in terms of the other. It is often described in terms of a TARGET DOMAIN and a SOURCE DOMAIN. The target domain is the experience being described by the metaphor while source domain is the means that we use in order to describe the experience. In another words， metaphor is a cognitive pattern and the basis of human being’s cognition and thought. Their theory not only pays attention to language itself but also to the relation between language and a person’s thought. This is the foundation of cognitive linguistics.
Since 1997， the celebrated linguist Fauconnier（1997）has proposed conceptual integration theory in Mappings in Thought and Language which suggests that conceptual blending plays a fundamental role in meaning construction of natural language.
According to the theory， a basic conceptual integration network contains at least four mental spaces. Two are called input spaces， and a cross-space mapping may set up between them. The cross-space mapping creates， or reflects， a more abstract and schematic structure or organization which is common to both inputs and shared by them. This schematic structure belongs to the third space， called the generic space， which defines the cross-space mapping between elements and their counterparts. A fourth one， the blended space， arises from selective projection from the inputs. The fourth space develops emergent structure in various ways and works according to its own logic. This emergent structure is not merely copied from input space but involves complex mental process. Fauconnier points out that this emergent structure results from the following stages： （1） Composition. The mappings from the two input spaces are composited. This mapping gives rise to a relationship that does not exist before. （2） Completion. The composition is mapped to the blended space from the generic space with the help of background information， cognitive and cultural patterns.（3） Elaboration. The patterns in the blended space can be elaborated， i.e. running the blended. Run the cognition in the blended space on the basis of its emergent logic. 三、Neologisms and Conceptual Integration Theory
The cognition process of neologisms has already been entrenched and become conventional. So the cognition of blended space theory is easily neglected. Fauconnier believes that blended space can be entrenched or novel. We often use entrenched projection to realize online conceptual projection. In essence， these two projections are the same. Entrenched projection actually is entrenched online conceptual projection. Entrenched projection is easily affected by online conceptual projection. This gives rise to the emergence of neologisms. Neologism is the product of social development， especially， the progress within communication. Communication progress gives birth to a large amount of neologisms.
On the internet， many widespread words are very familiar to us in our daily life， but they have been given new meanings， such as 青蛙（ugly male）， 楼上 （the former article）， 楼下 （the latter article）， 大窗 （the public chat rooms）， 小窗 （the private chat rooms）， 可爱（unlovable）， 蛋白质 （stupid idiot ），etc. The meaning making of the old words with new meanings is a mental space operation involving complex cognitive process. We divide these neologisms into three categories.
Take “bubble economy” for elaboration. Before the emergence of this word， there exist two input spaces， i.e. source domain （physics） and target domain （economics）. The elements in the two spaces are relation mapping： the bubble in physics is characterized of shining， fragile， unstable， etc. the apparent prosperity of economy in society is easy to cover its malady， intoxicating people and making them forget that distortion leads to economic crisis. Therefore， the two input spaces have similarities in construction and organization. Bubble in physics and overheating economy share many similarities： easy to collapse， superficial brilliant and so on. These features map to the generic space and the blended space. After composition， completion， and elaboration， these features mingle together and give birth to a new concept “bubble economy”. Let us take “playboy” as an example to give a further analysis of blended space theory. The process covers four mental spaces： two input spaces， a blended space and a generic space. Meanwhile， it involves three mental operations： composition， completion， and elaboration. The two morphemes belong to two mental spaces. We could regard “play” as input space 1， whose meaning is “participate in games or sport; play a role or part” in the same time， the word “boy” is input space 2， whose meaning is “a youthful male person”. The combination of the two morphemes forms the compound word playboy. The new meaning of this word is derived “a man devoted to the pursuit of pleasure.” From this process we can clearly see that the process of the production of the meaning is： people highlight the intrinsic meaning of the two words： “play” and “boy” and abandon their secondary meanings. People extend the entrenched perception and widen the meaning of these two morphemes， the new meaning come into being： love to having fun just like a child. This meaning is projected to the generic space， after completion and elaboration， this meaning matches with the meaning of grown up in the blended space， the conceptual meaning is derived “a rich man who spends his time enjoying himself”.
With the rapidly advancing of Chinese society， neologisms boom， some of which reflect the ills of the society. Look at the following example， 豆腐渣工程 （soybean curd residue project）. The term soybean curd residue project refers to the jerry-built project. The neologism can be well explained by blended space theory. At the first place， two input spaces appear in the reader’s mind. In input space 1， soybean curd residue is input， which generates the scenario and frame of the context. It includes the following elements：not sticky， fragile， etc. In input space2， the concept of project is input. The badly constructed project has the following characteristics： unstable， easy to collapse， etc. However， the well-constructed project is stable and solid. The same elements in different spaces are projected to the generic space respectively. The commons of the elements are extracted， then they map to the blended space， forming the concept 豆腐渣工程，which has the features： fragile easy to collapse etc. The figure below explains this mental process.
关键词：新词;隐喻;概念整合理论
Metaphorical Analysis of Net Neologism
Abstract： With the arrival of the network era， new words emerge endlessly. New words become the most sensitive elements that reflect social changes. Metaphor， commonly known as the use of a word or phrase denoting one kind of idea or object in place of another word or phrase for purpose of suggesting a likeness between the two， is frequently used to produce new words. From the perspective of cognitive linguistics， the present paper attempts to classify neologisms into three groups， that is， the former part as vehicle， the latter part as vehicle and the integral word or phrases as vehicle. And we then analyze the function of metaphor in new words coinage by means of conceptual integration theory proposed by Gilles Fauconnier， to deepen the understanding of conceptual integration theory and the procedure of neologisms production.
Key words： Neologisms; Metaphor;Conceptual Integration Theory
一、Introduction
According to Wikipedia， a neologism is a newly coined term， word， or phrase that may be in the process of entering common use， but has not yet been accepted into mainstream language. From the early 20th century， western linguists began to pay attention to neologisms.
二、Metaphor and Conceptual Integration Theory Metaphor is a pervasive phenomenon in language. The study of metaphor could date back to Aristotle’s times. In his book rhetoric， he elaborates narrow metaphor， i.e. a figure of speech in which an expression is used to refer to something that it does not literally denote in order to suggest a similarity. Traditional grammar views metaphor as a merely rhetorical device. In 1980s， G.Lakeoff and Johnson paid attention to the cognitive function of metaphor in their book Metaphors We Live by. From the cognitive point of view， metaphor involves the comparison of two concepts in that one is construed in terms of the other. It is often described in terms of a TARGET DOMAIN and a SOURCE DOMAIN. The target domain is the experience being described by the metaphor while source domain is the means that we use in order to describe the experience. In another words， metaphor is a cognitive pattern and the basis of human being’s cognition and thought. Their theory not only pays attention to language itself but also to the relation between language and a person’s thought. This is the foundation of cognitive linguistics.
Since 1997， the celebrated linguist Fauconnier（1997）has proposed conceptual integration theory in Mappings in Thought and Language which suggests that conceptual blending plays a fundamental role in meaning construction of natural language.
According to the theory， a basic conceptual integration network contains at least four mental spaces. Two are called input spaces， and a cross-space mapping may set up between them. The cross-space mapping creates， or reflects， a more abstract and schematic structure or organization which is common to both inputs and shared by them. This schematic structure belongs to the third space， called the generic space， which defines the cross-space mapping between elements and their counterparts. A fourth one， the blended space， arises from selective projection from the inputs. The fourth space develops emergent structure in various ways and works according to its own logic. This emergent structure is not merely copied from input space but involves complex mental process. Fauconnier points out that this emergent structure results from the following stages： （1） Composition. The mappings from the two input spaces are composited. This mapping gives rise to a relationship that does not exist before. （2） Completion. The composition is mapped to the blended space from the generic space with the help of background information， cognitive and cultural patterns.（3） Elaboration. The patterns in the blended space can be elaborated， i.e. running the blended. Run the cognition in the blended space on the basis of its emergent logic. 三、Neologisms and Conceptual Integration Theory
The cognition process of neologisms has already been entrenched and become conventional. So the cognition of blended space theory is easily neglected. Fauconnier believes that blended space can be entrenched or novel. We often use entrenched projection to realize online conceptual projection. In essence， these two projections are the same. Entrenched projection actually is entrenched online conceptual projection. Entrenched projection is easily affected by online conceptual projection. This gives rise to the emergence of neologisms. Neologism is the product of social development， especially， the progress within communication. Communication progress gives birth to a large amount of neologisms.
On the internet， many widespread words are very familiar to us in our daily life， but they have been given new meanings， such as 青蛙（ugly male）， 楼上 （the former article）， 楼下 （the latter article）， 大窗 （the public chat rooms）， 小窗 （the private chat rooms）， 可爱（unlovable）， 蛋白质 （stupid idiot ），etc. The meaning making of the old words with new meanings is a mental space operation involving complex cognitive process. We divide these neologisms into three categories.
Take “bubble economy” for elaboration. Before the emergence of this word， there exist two input spaces， i.e. source domain （physics） and target domain （economics）. The elements in the two spaces are relation mapping： the bubble in physics is characterized of shining， fragile， unstable， etc. the apparent prosperity of economy in society is easy to cover its malady， intoxicating people and making them forget that distortion leads to economic crisis. Therefore， the two input spaces have similarities in construction and organization. Bubble in physics and overheating economy share many similarities： easy to collapse， superficial brilliant and so on. These features map to the generic space and the blended space. After composition， completion， and elaboration， these features mingle together and give birth to a new concept “bubble economy”. Let us take “playboy” as an example to give a further analysis of blended space theory. The process covers four mental spaces： two input spaces， a blended space and a generic space. Meanwhile， it involves three mental operations： composition， completion， and elaboration. The two morphemes belong to two mental spaces. We could regard “play” as input space 1， whose meaning is “participate in games or sport; play a role or part” in the same time， the word “boy” is input space 2， whose meaning is “a youthful male person”. The combination of the two morphemes forms the compound word playboy. The new meaning of this word is derived “a man devoted to the pursuit of pleasure.” From this process we can clearly see that the process of the production of the meaning is： people highlight the intrinsic meaning of the two words： “play” and “boy” and abandon their secondary meanings. People extend the entrenched perception and widen the meaning of these two morphemes， the new meaning come into being： love to having fun just like a child. This meaning is projected to the generic space， after completion and elaboration， this meaning matches with the meaning of grown up in the blended space， the conceptual meaning is derived “a rich man who spends his time enjoying himself”.
With the rapidly advancing of Chinese society， neologisms boom， some of which reflect the ills of the society. Look at the following example， 豆腐渣工程 （soybean curd residue project）. The term soybean curd residue project refers to the jerry-built project. The neologism can be well explained by blended space theory. At the first place， two input spaces appear in the reader’s mind. In input space 1， soybean curd residue is input， which generates the scenario and frame of the context. It includes the following elements：not sticky， fragile， etc. In input space2， the concept of project is input. The badly constructed project has the following characteristics： unstable， easy to collapse， etc. However， the well-constructed project is stable and solid. The same elements in different spaces are projected to the generic space respectively. The commons of the elements are extracted， then they map to the blended space， forming the concept 豆腐渣工程，which has the features： fragile easy to collapse etc. The figure below explains this mental process.