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如何做好书面表达题是老师和学生都应重视的问题。笔者在近几年的高中英语教学中就如何培养和提高学生的书面表达能力做了初步的探索和实验。
一、书面表达评分标准：
高分档（25~30分）要求：是否完全完成了试题规定的任务，覆盖所有内容要点；是否应用了较多的语法结构和词汇；语法结构和词汇方面虽有些错误，但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致，具备较强的语言运用能力；是否有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑；是否完全达到预期的写作目的。
二、影响书面表达得分的因素：
1.语言表达出现“大错误”及“小错误”，“大错误”包括时态错误、句子结构错误、中式英语等， 1)When we crossed the crossroads, there are two persons standing there.（时态一致性错误）
2) The doctor suggested him to give up smoking.（句子结构错误）
3) Any mistake can’t escape his eye. （中式英语）
“小错误”主要是反应在个别单词拼写错误、冠词介词使用不准确等方面（这种错误主要是为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致）。
2.要点有所遗漏：没有彻底理解题意，忽视答题要求；没有把内容要点列成提纲；没有复查；匆忙动笔答题无章法。
3.离题句太多
历年来书面表达词数都要求在80~120个词范围之内，按一般长度的句子计算，也就是十句左右，没有盲目发挥的余地。再者过度发挥浪费了时间，影响了成绩。所以必须注意，写作中不可乱加花样，只能在紧扣主题, 保证要点全面的前提下适当发挥，增加有限的相关细节。
4.没有避开难点而错误使用不准确的结构
1) The main subjects I studied at school including Chinese, math, English, physics, chemistry and computer.（含定语从句而无谓语的句子）
2)看完了这本书,我写了一些读后感。
I wrote something after reading this book.（文不对意）
5.没有使用高级词汇和复杂句
She doesn’t like sports.变的更好→She cares nothing for sports.
6.书写是否工整清晰在某种程度上也会影响答卷得分
三、怎样运用复杂结构：
1.改变时态
The bell is ringing now.(一般) →There goes the bell.(更好)
2.改变语态
People suggest that the conference be put off. (一般) →It is suggested that the conference be put off.(更好)
3.使用不定式
He is so kind that he can help me. (一般) →He is so kind as to help me. (更好)
4.使用過去分词
She walked out of the room and many students followed her. (一般) →Followed by many students, she…. (更好)
5.使用v-ing形式
When he arrives please give me an e-mail. (一般) →On his arriving/ arrival, please give…(更好)
6.使用名词性从句
It disappointed everybody that he didn’t turn up.(一般)→The fact that he didn’t turn up disappointed everybody.(更好)
7.使用状语从句
I won’t believe what he says.(一般) →No matter what he says, I won’t believe. (更好)
8.使用定语从句
The girl is spoken highly of. Her composition was well written.(一般) →The girl whose composition was well written was spoken highly of.(更好)
9.使用虚拟语气
The ship didn’t sink with all on board because there were the efforts of the captain.(一般) →But for the efforts of the captain, the ship would have sunk with all on board.(更好)
10.使用强调句、倒装句、感叹句
Regular radio broadcasts began in 1920.(一般) →was not until 1920 that regular radio….(更好)
11.使用并列句
If you go through the gate, you’ll find the entrance to Bear Country.(一般) →Go through the gate, and you’ll find….(更好)
四、怎样运用高级词汇：
As a result, the plan was a failure.(一般) →The plan turned out to be a failure. (更好)
五、常见语法错误分析：
1.句子缺谓语The building like a match box.
2.主谓不一致A worker of the farm lead us to the field.
3.时态错误When he came back, he found that his wife has gone to bed.
4.词性混用She enjoys study English.
5.介词误用In my surprise, he has got the first prize.
6.冠词误用We elected Li Hua the monitor of the Class Five.
7.混淆名词的可数和不可数It is rare to see such a nice weather in Beijing.
8.动词用法错误Where are you come from?
9.习惯用法错误 The actor in this movie is very beautiful.
六、学会使用恰当的关联词：
1.表示平行、对等或选择关系
and，both…and, as well as, together with, neither…nor, also, not only…but also, either…or, as well.
2.表示转折关系
but, yet, however, nevertheless(然而),in spite of, although, otherwise, while, after all.
3.表示对比关系
on the contrary, instead of, on one hand…on the other hand, just like, unlike, in the same way, at the same time
4.表示因果关系
so, for, therefore, as a result(of),because, owing to, due to, thanks to, on account (理由) of.
5.表示时间、顺序关系
shortly afterwards, first, second…, then, next, finally, for one thing, for another, in the end, eventually(最后, 終于)
6.表示递进、强调关系
besides, furthermore(此外), what’s more, in addition, moreover(而且), worse still, to make matters worse, indeed, certainly, surely, above all
7.表示解释、说明关系
namely(也就是), actually, such as, for example, for instance, that is to say, in other words, and so on, to tell you the truth, according to this
8.表示结论
in short,in brief, in a word, in general,as you know, as far as I know, on the whole, in conclusion, at last, finally
七、背诵一些题材的常识性语句
如通知、欢迎词、写信等的开头语与结束语。
测试特点：要求考生根据提示内容写一篇100字左右的短文。书面表达是主观题中的个性题，它主要考核学生利用书面表述进行交际的能力，也表现出命制的本体思维。实用性的交际行为是命题的主导思想。从本质上体现了生活化和实用性，同时，也考查学生的思辨能力。
针对分析：一般来说控制性作文有其本体立意，不可随意发挥。迅速搜索排查其信息要点，按行文逻辑进行信息排列；100字左右暗示语句不会太多，表述一般不会超过10句话；一篇短文意味着思维要合乎逻辑，表达要层次分明。开放性作文则不同，在限定的词数范围内，根据要求可以自行立意，适当发挥，在自己的语言表达能力范围内充分展示个人的思维能力和语言驾驭能力。
应对策略：三个步骤和八字方针。三个步骤是指：列——排查信息要点；译——根据信息特点，寻找最地道自己最熟悉的英文词汇和表达结构方式；连——用恰如其分的过渡连接词语或前后搭桥的非谓语结构将语句连接起来。八字方针是指：式、时、字、词、句、段、章、面。
训练要旨：首先平时的训练要有限时要求，其次，一篇成功的英语作文应该有一两个具有亮点的句子——即恰如其分的复合结构或非谓语动词结构。另外，规范和工整的书写也是十分重要的。
当然，英语的书面表达并非一日之功，它需要有厚实的英语基础知识和灵活表达的基本技能，平日里的多听、多读、多背、多写是提高书面表达质量的有效途径；在日常的训练中多一些听写也是必要的。反之，任何的策略和方法都将是纸上谈兵。
一、书面表达评分标准：
高分档（25~30分）要求：是否完全完成了试题规定的任务，覆盖所有内容要点；是否应用了较多的语法结构和词汇；语法结构和词汇方面虽有些错误，但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致，具备较强的语言运用能力；是否有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑；是否完全达到预期的写作目的。
二、影响书面表达得分的因素：
1.语言表达出现“大错误”及“小错误”，“大错误”包括时态错误、句子结构错误、中式英语等， 1)When we crossed the crossroads, there are two persons standing there.（时态一致性错误）
2) The doctor suggested him to give up smoking.（句子结构错误）
3) Any mistake can’t escape his eye. （中式英语）
“小错误”主要是反应在个别单词拼写错误、冠词介词使用不准确等方面（这种错误主要是为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致）。
2.要点有所遗漏：没有彻底理解题意，忽视答题要求；没有把内容要点列成提纲；没有复查；匆忙动笔答题无章法。
3.离题句太多
历年来书面表达词数都要求在80~120个词范围之内，按一般长度的句子计算，也就是十句左右，没有盲目发挥的余地。再者过度发挥浪费了时间，影响了成绩。所以必须注意，写作中不可乱加花样，只能在紧扣主题, 保证要点全面的前提下适当发挥，增加有限的相关细节。
4.没有避开难点而错误使用不准确的结构
1) The main subjects I studied at school including Chinese, math, English, physics, chemistry and computer.（含定语从句而无谓语的句子）
2)看完了这本书,我写了一些读后感。
I wrote something after reading this book.（文不对意）
5.没有使用高级词汇和复杂句
She doesn’t like sports.变的更好→She cares nothing for sports.
6.书写是否工整清晰在某种程度上也会影响答卷得分
三、怎样运用复杂结构：
1.改变时态
The bell is ringing now.(一般) →There goes the bell.(更好)
2.改变语态
People suggest that the conference be put off. (一般) →It is suggested that the conference be put off.(更好)
3.使用不定式
He is so kind that he can help me. (一般) →He is so kind as to help me. (更好)
4.使用過去分词
She walked out of the room and many students followed her. (一般) →Followed by many students, she…. (更好)
5.使用v-ing形式
When he arrives please give me an e-mail. (一般) →On his arriving/ arrival, please give…(更好)
6.使用名词性从句
It disappointed everybody that he didn’t turn up.(一般)→The fact that he didn’t turn up disappointed everybody.(更好)
7.使用状语从句
I won’t believe what he says.(一般) →No matter what he says, I won’t believe. (更好)
8.使用定语从句
The girl is spoken highly of. Her composition was well written.(一般) →The girl whose composition was well written was spoken highly of.(更好)
9.使用虚拟语气
The ship didn’t sink with all on board because there were the efforts of the captain.(一般) →But for the efforts of the captain, the ship would have sunk with all on board.(更好)
10.使用强调句、倒装句、感叹句
Regular radio broadcasts began in 1920.(一般) →was not until 1920 that regular radio….(更好)
11.使用并列句
If you go through the gate, you’ll find the entrance to Bear Country.(一般) →Go through the gate, and you’ll find….(更好)
四、怎样运用高级词汇：
As a result, the plan was a failure.(一般) →The plan turned out to be a failure. (更好)
五、常见语法错误分析：
1.句子缺谓语The building like a match box.
2.主谓不一致A worker of the farm lead us to the field.
3.时态错误When he came back, he found that his wife has gone to bed.
4.词性混用She enjoys study English.
5.介词误用In my surprise, he has got the first prize.
6.冠词误用We elected Li Hua the monitor of the Class Five.
7.混淆名词的可数和不可数It is rare to see such a nice weather in Beijing.
8.动词用法错误Where are you come from?
9.习惯用法错误 The actor in this movie is very beautiful.
六、学会使用恰当的关联词：
1.表示平行、对等或选择关系
and，both…and, as well as, together with, neither…nor, also, not only…but also, either…or, as well.
2.表示转折关系
but, yet, however, nevertheless(然而),in spite of, although, otherwise, while, after all.
3.表示对比关系
on the contrary, instead of, on one hand…on the other hand, just like, unlike, in the same way, at the same time
4.表示因果关系
so, for, therefore, as a result(of),because, owing to, due to, thanks to, on account (理由) of.
5.表示时间、顺序关系
shortly afterwards, first, second…, then, next, finally, for one thing, for another, in the end, eventually(最后, 終于)
6.表示递进、强调关系
besides, furthermore(此外), what’s more, in addition, moreover(而且), worse still, to make matters worse, indeed, certainly, surely, above all
7.表示解释、说明关系
namely(也就是), actually, such as, for example, for instance, that is to say, in other words, and so on, to tell you the truth, according to this
8.表示结论
in short,in brief, in a word, in general,as you know, as far as I know, on the whole, in conclusion, at last, finally
七、背诵一些题材的常识性语句
如通知、欢迎词、写信等的开头语与结束语。
测试特点：要求考生根据提示内容写一篇100字左右的短文。书面表达是主观题中的个性题，它主要考核学生利用书面表述进行交际的能力，也表现出命制的本体思维。实用性的交际行为是命题的主导思想。从本质上体现了生活化和实用性，同时，也考查学生的思辨能力。
针对分析：一般来说控制性作文有其本体立意，不可随意发挥。迅速搜索排查其信息要点，按行文逻辑进行信息排列；100字左右暗示语句不会太多，表述一般不会超过10句话；一篇短文意味着思维要合乎逻辑，表达要层次分明。开放性作文则不同，在限定的词数范围内，根据要求可以自行立意，适当发挥，在自己的语言表达能力范围内充分展示个人的思维能力和语言驾驭能力。
应对策略：三个步骤和八字方针。三个步骤是指：列——排查信息要点；译——根据信息特点，寻找最地道自己最熟悉的英文词汇和表达结构方式；连——用恰如其分的过渡连接词语或前后搭桥的非谓语结构将语句连接起来。八字方针是指：式、时、字、词、句、段、章、面。
训练要旨：首先平时的训练要有限时要求，其次，一篇成功的英语作文应该有一两个具有亮点的句子——即恰如其分的复合结构或非谓语动词结构。另外，规范和工整的书写也是十分重要的。
当然，英语的书面表达并非一日之功，它需要有厚实的英语基础知识和灵活表达的基本技能，平日里的多听、多读、多背、多写是提高书面表达质量的有效途径；在日常的训练中多一些听写也是必要的。反之，任何的策略和方法都将是纸上谈兵。