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本文探讨“[是[…XP…]]”结构中“是”的句法及语义属性。文章提出界定焦点的两个语义标准:(1 )激起另项集合;(2 )表征方面具有[+对比]和[+穷尽]特征,并指出“[是[…XP…]]”结构符合(1 )和(2 )的界定标准。“是”可以看成焦点标记词,不管在分裂句还是非分裂句中,其区别仅在于焦点强弱程度的不同。焦点化实质上是一种与语用结合紧密的算子移位,这样处理可以:(1 )克服“岛阻隔”难题,(2 )避免“相对最小化效果”,(3 )符合“光杆短语结构原则”的要求。“是”在句法表征上的不同位置(C0 或T0 )主要是因为逻辑式中存在不同的焦点算子:明确焦点算子和焦点泛算子。所有焦点特征都要得到核查,用泛算子还是焦点算子,取决于所要核查特征的强弱:特征越强,越有可能用焦点算子来进行运算(在句法表征上“是”位于C0 位置) ;特征越弱,越有可能使用泛算子来进行运算(在句法表征上“是”在T0 位置)。
This article explores the syntactic and semantic properties of “yes” in the “[yes XP ...]]” structure. The article proposes two semantic criteria that define the focus: (1) inspiring another set; (2) characterizing [+ contrast] and [+ exhaustive] characterizations and pointing out that “[yes [... XP ...]]” (1) and (2) of the definition of the standard. “Yes” can be regarded as the focus mark, whether in the split or non-split sentence, the difference is only the difference in the degree of focus. Focusing is essentially a transposition of operators that is closely associated with pragmatics. This process can: (1) overcome the “island barrier” problem, (2) avoid the “relative minimization effect”, and (3) Structural principle “requirements. The different positions (”C0“ or ”T0“) of ”yes“ on the syntactic representation are mainly due to different focus operators in the logic: the explicit focus operator and the focal pan-operator. All of the focus features are to be checked and the use of pan-operator or focus operator depends on the strength of the features to be verified: the stronger the feature, the more likely it is that the focus operator be used for computation (syntactically ”yes“ at C0 Position); the weaker the feature, the more likely it is to use a pan operator (”yes" at T0).