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“同”与“异”是《墨经》中一对重要范畴。“同”是反映事物之间相互联系 的概念,即同一性;所谓“同”并不是无差别的绝对等同,而是包含于差异之中的 同一性,即“异中之同”。“异”是反映事物之间相互区别的概念,即差异性;这 种差异性并不排斥同一性,而是包含于同一性之中的差异性,即“同中之异”。 “同”与“异”相互联结,一方面“同”与“异”各自都以对方为自己存在的前提 条件,另一方面又各自从对方获得自身的规定。在这种联结中,“异”具有绝对的 性质,而“同”却带有相对性。《墨经》作者将其对同异及其关系的认识运用于客 观世界的分析,认为客观世界是多层次的矛盾体系;运用于认识论,把人的认识看作是复杂的矛盾过态。《墨经》关于同异概念及其关系的认识,为我国古代辩证思维发展作出了可贵贡献。
“Identical” and “different” are two important categories in the “Ink”. “Identical” is a concept that reflects the interrelationships between things, namely, identity; the so-called “identity” is not an absolute equality without difference, but is the sameness contained in the difference, that is, “the difference in the same thing”. “Different” is a concept that reflects the difference between things, that is, the difference; this kind of difference does not exclude identity, but is the difference contained in the sameness, that is “different in the same”. “Identical” and “exclusive” are linked to each other. On the one hand, “same” and “exclusive” each take the other party as the prerequisite for their own existence. On the other hand, they also obtain their own rules from each other. In this kind of connection, “different” has the absolute nature, but “the same” has the relativity. The authors of The Memorandum of Thought apply their understanding of similarities and differences and their relationship to the analysis of the world. They think that the objective world is a multi-layered system of contradictions; it applies to epistemology and recognizes human understanding as a complex paradox. The understanding of the concept of commonality and its relationship in the “Mo Scripture” has made a valuable contribution to the development of dialectical thinking in ancient China.