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摘要 [目的]研究延边地区苹果梨果实主要矿质元素含量与品质指标的关系。[方法]测定延边地区8个成龄苹果梨园果实矿质营养含量与果实品质指标,采用相关分析探讨果实矿质营养与主要品质指标的关系。[结果]果实内的P与Mn、Ca与Mg、Mg与Fe呈显著正相关;Ca与Mn呈极显著正相关。果实中N、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Zn与果实硬度呈正相关,P、K、Cu与果实硬度呈负相关;P、K、Fe、Zn与可溶性固形物呈正相关,N、Ca、Mg、Cu、Mn与可溶性固形物呈负相关;P、K、Fe与总糖呈正相关,N、Ca、Mg、Cu、Mn、Zn与总糖呈负相关;N、K、Fe与总酸呈正相关,P、Ca、Mg、Cu、Mn、Zn与总酸呈负相关;P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn与糖酸比呈正相关,N、Cu、Zn与糖酸比呈负相关。[结论]该研究为苹果梨园合理施肥和补充营养、提高果实品质等提供理论依据和指导方案。
关键词 苹果梨;果实;矿质营养;品质;相关性
中图分类号 TS207.3 文献标识码 A 文章编号 0517-6611(2018)20-0159-03
Abstract [Objective]The research aimed to study the relationship between main mineral elements content and quality indexes of apple pear in Yanbian area. [Method] The mineral nutrient content and fruit quality index of 8 mature apple orchards in Yanbian area were determined. The correlation analysis was used to explore the relationship between the fruit mineral nutrition and the main quality indicators of the fruit. [Result] There were significant positive correlations between P and Mn, Ca and Mg, Mg and Fe in fruit, and there was an extremely significant positive correlation between Ca and Mn. There was a positive correlation between N, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn and fruit hardness;P, K and Cu were negatively correlated with fruit firmness.P, K, Fe and Zn were positively correlated with soluble solids;there was a negative correlation between N,Ca,Mg,Cu,Mn and soluble solids.P, K, Fe were positively correlated with total sugar; N, Ca, Mg, Cu, Mn, Zn were negatively correlated with total sugar.N, K, Fe and total acid were positive;P, Ca, Mg, Cu, Mn, Zn were negatively correlated with total acid.P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn were positively correlated with sugar acid ratio;and N, Cu, Zn was negatively correlated with sugar acid ratio.[Conclusion]The study provides theoretical basis and guidance scheme for rational fertilization, nutritional supplement, and improvement of fruit quality in apple pear.
Key words Apple pear;Fruit;Mineral nutrition;Quality;Correlation
苹果梨是我国优良梨品种之一,栽培已有90多年的历史。在吉林省延边州规模已达到1.2万hm2,年产量9万t以上,产值近亿元。果實中的矿质营养元素含量不仅影响果实品质和贮藏中的生理病害[1-3],而且是人类膳食的矿质元素来源,并与人类的健康有密切关系[4-5]。有关矿质营养和品质的关系研究在苹果上有过一些报道,但在梨上报道较少。果实矿质营养含量不仅反映了果园土壤的营养状况、肥力水平和吸收利用效率等,同时与苹果果实采收后的品质特性和生理病害有密切关系[6]。Dris等[7]和Siddique等[8]分别研究了叶片、果实矿质营养与果实品质特性的关系。笔者通过在延边地区选择不同类型具有代表性的果园,从影响果实品质的元素入手进行了调查研究,探明该地区苹果梨果实主要矿质元素含量与品质指标的关系,以期为苹果梨园合理施肥和补充营养、提高果实品质等提供理论依据和指导方案。
1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
试验于2015—2016年在吉林省延边州选择有代表性的8个果园进行。试验园均为丘陵阳坡地,行间清耕,管理条件较好,无灌水条件。供试苹果梨树势中庸。果实成熟期分别选择成龄苹果梨树10株,于树冠外围中部各方位随机采摘生长正常的果实30个,带回实验室,10个测定果实品质指标,另20个果实去除果柄后用不锈钢刀切片后,烘干至恒重,装入纸袋置于干燥器中备用。 1.2 样品测定方法
1.2.1 矿质元素含量。全氮,半微量凯氏法;全磷,钒钼黄比色法;全钾,火焰光度计法;钙、镁、铜、铁、锰、锌,干灰化-原子吸收分光光度法。
1.2.2 果实品质指标。
硬度用GY-1型果实硬度计测定(去果皮);果实可溶性固形物用手持测糖仪测定;总糖用斐林试剂容量滴定法;总酸用氢氧化钠中和滴定法。
1.3 数据处理 试验数据采用Excel和DPS软件进行分析。
2 结果与分析
2.1 苹果梨果实矿质营养含量和果实品质的基本状况 从表1可看出,不同果园苹果梨果实各营养元素变幅从大到小依次为Zn、K、N、Fe、Ca、Mg、Cu、P、Mn,果实Zn含量变幅最大,变异系数达62.68%,Mn变幅最小,为7.82%。
分析苹果梨果实品质(表2)发现,不同果园果实品质变幅不大,各指标变异系数从大到小依次为糖/酸、总酸、总糖、可溶性固形物、硬度。糖/酸变幅最大,变异系数达9.37%,硬度变幅最小,为3.92%。
2.2 苹果梨果实中矿质元素含量的相关性 从表3可看出,苹果梨果实内的各营养元素之间存在着拮抗或增效作用, P与Mn、Ca与Mg、Mg与Fe呈显著正相关;Ca与Mn呈极显著正相关。
2.3 苹果梨果实中矿质元素含量与品质的关系
从表4可以看出,苹果梨果实中矿质元素含量与果实中的硬度、可溶性固形物含量、总糖、总酸以及糖/酸5项代表果实品质指标间存在密切关系,但是不同元素对品质主要指标的影响不同,且同一元素在不同指标中所起的作用也不同。果实中N、Ca、 Mg、Fe、Mn、Zn与果实硬度呈正相关,P、K、Cu与果实硬度呈负相关;P、K、Fe、Zn与可溶性固形物呈正相关,其余矿质元素与可溶性固形物呈负相关;P、K、Fe与总糖呈正相关,其余矿质元素与总糖呈负相关;N、K、Fe与总酸呈正相关,其余矿质元素与总酸呈负相关;N、Cu、Zn与糖酸比呈负相关,其余矿质元素与糖酸比呈正相关。
3 结论与讨论
关于果实矿质营养对主要果实品质指标影响的重要程度及相关性,Fallahi等[9]分析认为,矿质元素影响果实品质,其中N、P、Ca和B含量对苹果品质和生理病害影响较大;K可以提高苹果的大小、酸含量和色泽,但降低果实硬度;应用果实矿质元素分析可以准确地预测果实品质。徐慧等[10]研究认为,“富士”果实P对单果质量、可溶性固形物含量和果肉硬度的正直接作用最大,而N的负直接作用最大。该研究表明,果实矿质元素Zn含量在不同果园差异较大,含量相差6倍以上,N、K含量相差2倍以上,其他元素含量差异不大。有些元素如N、Ca、Mn对品质的影响与前人的研究结果基本一致,有些则不同[9-10]。分析其原因可能是由于树的种类不同、品种之间的元素效应不一致。
参考文献
[1] BLANCO A,FERNNDEZ V,VAL J. Improving the performance of calciumcontaining spray formulations to limit the incidence of bitter pit in apple(Malus×domestica Borkh.)[J]. Scientia horticulturae,2010,127(1):23-28.
[2] BENAVIDES A,MAZO T C,SORIA Y,et al. Multivariate analysis of quality and mineral parameters on golden smoothee apples treated before harvest with calcium and stored in controlled atmosphere[J].Food science and technology international,2002,8(3):139-146.
[3] FALLAHI E,FALLAHI B,NEILSEN G H,et al. Effects of mineral nutrition on fruit quality and nutritional disorders in apples[J].Acta horticulturae,2010,868: 49-59.
[4] HAROLD C P,IOANNIS C K,ALEXIOS A. The biological basis of fruit quality[M]. New York:John Wiley & Sons,Inc,2011: 5-38.
[5] GUPTA U C,GUPTA S C. Sources and deficiency diseases of mineral nutrients in human health and nutrition [J]. Pedosphere,2014,24(1): 13-38.
[6] 张立新,张林森,李丙智,等.旱地苹果矿质营养及其在生长发育中的作用[J].西北林学院学报,2007,22(3):111-115.
[7] DRIS R,NISKANEN R,FALLAHI E.Relationships between leaf and fruit minerals and fruit quality attributes of apples grown under northern conditions[J].Journal of plant nutrition,1999,22(12):1839-1851.
[8] SIDDIQUE M,SIDDIQUE M T,ALI S,et al.Macronutrient assessment in apple growing region of Punjab[J].Soil & enviroment,2009,28(2):184-192.
[9] FALLAHI E,SIMONS B R.Interrelations among leaf and fruit mineral nutrients and fruit quality in ‘Delicious’apples[J].Journal of tree fruit production,1996,1(1):15-25.
[10] 徐慧,陳欣欣,王永章,等.‘富士’苹果果实矿质元素与品质指标的相关性与通径分析[J].中国农学通报,2014,30(25):116-121.
关键词 苹果梨;果实;矿质营养;品质;相关性
中图分类号 TS207.3 文献标识码 A 文章编号 0517-6611(2018)20-0159-03
Abstract [Objective]The research aimed to study the relationship between main mineral elements content and quality indexes of apple pear in Yanbian area. [Method] The mineral nutrient content and fruit quality index of 8 mature apple orchards in Yanbian area were determined. The correlation analysis was used to explore the relationship between the fruit mineral nutrition and the main quality indicators of the fruit. [Result] There were significant positive correlations between P and Mn, Ca and Mg, Mg and Fe in fruit, and there was an extremely significant positive correlation between Ca and Mn. There was a positive correlation between N, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn and fruit hardness;P, K and Cu were negatively correlated with fruit firmness.P, K, Fe and Zn were positively correlated with soluble solids;there was a negative correlation between N,Ca,Mg,Cu,Mn and soluble solids.P, K, Fe were positively correlated with total sugar; N, Ca, Mg, Cu, Mn, Zn were negatively correlated with total sugar.N, K, Fe and total acid were positive;P, Ca, Mg, Cu, Mn, Zn were negatively correlated with total acid.P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn were positively correlated with sugar acid ratio;and N, Cu, Zn was negatively correlated with sugar acid ratio.[Conclusion]The study provides theoretical basis and guidance scheme for rational fertilization, nutritional supplement, and improvement of fruit quality in apple pear.
Key words Apple pear;Fruit;Mineral nutrition;Quality;Correlation
苹果梨是我国优良梨品种之一,栽培已有90多年的历史。在吉林省延边州规模已达到1.2万hm2,年产量9万t以上,产值近亿元。果實中的矿质营养元素含量不仅影响果实品质和贮藏中的生理病害[1-3],而且是人类膳食的矿质元素来源,并与人类的健康有密切关系[4-5]。有关矿质营养和品质的关系研究在苹果上有过一些报道,但在梨上报道较少。果实矿质营养含量不仅反映了果园土壤的营养状况、肥力水平和吸收利用效率等,同时与苹果果实采收后的品质特性和生理病害有密切关系[6]。Dris等[7]和Siddique等[8]分别研究了叶片、果实矿质营养与果实品质特性的关系。笔者通过在延边地区选择不同类型具有代表性的果园,从影响果实品质的元素入手进行了调查研究,探明该地区苹果梨果实主要矿质元素含量与品质指标的关系,以期为苹果梨园合理施肥和补充营养、提高果实品质等提供理论依据和指导方案。
1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
试验于2015—2016年在吉林省延边州选择有代表性的8个果园进行。试验园均为丘陵阳坡地,行间清耕,管理条件较好,无灌水条件。供试苹果梨树势中庸。果实成熟期分别选择成龄苹果梨树10株,于树冠外围中部各方位随机采摘生长正常的果实30个,带回实验室,10个测定果实品质指标,另20个果实去除果柄后用不锈钢刀切片后,烘干至恒重,装入纸袋置于干燥器中备用。 1.2 样品测定方法
1.2.1 矿质元素含量。全氮,半微量凯氏法;全磷,钒钼黄比色法;全钾,火焰光度计法;钙、镁、铜、铁、锰、锌,干灰化-原子吸收分光光度法。
1.2.2 果实品质指标。
硬度用GY-1型果实硬度计测定(去果皮);果实可溶性固形物用手持测糖仪测定;总糖用斐林试剂容量滴定法;总酸用氢氧化钠中和滴定法。
1.3 数据处理 试验数据采用Excel和DPS软件进行分析。
2 结果与分析
2.1 苹果梨果实矿质营养含量和果实品质的基本状况 从表1可看出,不同果园苹果梨果实各营养元素变幅从大到小依次为Zn、K、N、Fe、Ca、Mg、Cu、P、Mn,果实Zn含量变幅最大,变异系数达62.68%,Mn变幅最小,为7.82%。
分析苹果梨果实品质(表2)发现,不同果园果实品质变幅不大,各指标变异系数从大到小依次为糖/酸、总酸、总糖、可溶性固形物、硬度。糖/酸变幅最大,变异系数达9.37%,硬度变幅最小,为3.92%。
2.2 苹果梨果实中矿质元素含量的相关性 从表3可看出,苹果梨果实内的各营养元素之间存在着拮抗或增效作用, P与Mn、Ca与Mg、Mg与Fe呈显著正相关;Ca与Mn呈极显著正相关。
2.3 苹果梨果实中矿质元素含量与品质的关系
从表4可以看出,苹果梨果实中矿质元素含量与果实中的硬度、可溶性固形物含量、总糖、总酸以及糖/酸5项代表果实品质指标间存在密切关系,但是不同元素对品质主要指标的影响不同,且同一元素在不同指标中所起的作用也不同。果实中N、Ca、 Mg、Fe、Mn、Zn与果实硬度呈正相关,P、K、Cu与果实硬度呈负相关;P、K、Fe、Zn与可溶性固形物呈正相关,其余矿质元素与可溶性固形物呈负相关;P、K、Fe与总糖呈正相关,其余矿质元素与总糖呈负相关;N、K、Fe与总酸呈正相关,其余矿质元素与总酸呈负相关;N、Cu、Zn与糖酸比呈负相关,其余矿质元素与糖酸比呈正相关。
3 结论与讨论
关于果实矿质营养对主要果实品质指标影响的重要程度及相关性,Fallahi等[9]分析认为,矿质元素影响果实品质,其中N、P、Ca和B含量对苹果品质和生理病害影响较大;K可以提高苹果的大小、酸含量和色泽,但降低果实硬度;应用果实矿质元素分析可以准确地预测果实品质。徐慧等[10]研究认为,“富士”果实P对单果质量、可溶性固形物含量和果肉硬度的正直接作用最大,而N的负直接作用最大。该研究表明,果实矿质元素Zn含量在不同果园差异较大,含量相差6倍以上,N、K含量相差2倍以上,其他元素含量差异不大。有些元素如N、Ca、Mn对品质的影响与前人的研究结果基本一致,有些则不同[9-10]。分析其原因可能是由于树的种类不同、品种之间的元素效应不一致。
参考文献
[1] BLANCO A,FERNNDEZ V,VAL J. Improving the performance of calciumcontaining spray formulations to limit the incidence of bitter pit in apple(Malus×domestica Borkh.)[J]. Scientia horticulturae,2010,127(1):23-28.
[2] BENAVIDES A,MAZO T C,SORIA Y,et al. Multivariate analysis of quality and mineral parameters on golden smoothee apples treated before harvest with calcium and stored in controlled atmosphere[J].Food science and technology international,2002,8(3):139-146.
[3] FALLAHI E,FALLAHI B,NEILSEN G H,et al. Effects of mineral nutrition on fruit quality and nutritional disorders in apples[J].Acta horticulturae,2010,868: 49-59.
[4] HAROLD C P,IOANNIS C K,ALEXIOS A. The biological basis of fruit quality[M]. New York:John Wiley & Sons,Inc,2011: 5-38.
[5] GUPTA U C,GUPTA S C. Sources and deficiency diseases of mineral nutrients in human health and nutrition [J]. Pedosphere,2014,24(1): 13-38.
[6] 张立新,张林森,李丙智,等.旱地苹果矿质营养及其在生长发育中的作用[J].西北林学院学报,2007,22(3):111-115.
[7] DRIS R,NISKANEN R,FALLAHI E.Relationships between leaf and fruit minerals and fruit quality attributes of apples grown under northern conditions[J].Journal of plant nutrition,1999,22(12):1839-1851.
[8] SIDDIQUE M,SIDDIQUE M T,ALI S,et al.Macronutrient assessment in apple growing region of Punjab[J].Soil & enviroment,2009,28(2):184-192.
[9] FALLAHI E,SIMONS B R.Interrelations among leaf and fruit mineral nutrients and fruit quality in ‘Delicious’apples[J].Journal of tree fruit production,1996,1(1):15-25.
[10] 徐慧,陳欣欣,王永章,等.‘富士’苹果果实矿质元素与品质指标的相关性与通径分析[J].中国农学通报,2014,30(25):116-121.