Objective: Nucleotide binding oligonucleoid-like receptor 3 (NLRP3), caspase-1 (caspase-1) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels in the serum of patients with chronic heart failure were detected to study the changes of pyroptosis in heart failure and its significance. Methods:180 patients with chronic heart failure (chronic heart failure group) and 40 healthy patients(normal control group) diagnosed in our hospital from February 2018 to October 2019 were selected. According to the New York heart association (NYHA) classification standard, includingⅡlevel 48 cases,Ⅲ level 60 cases,Ⅳlevel in 72 patients. After admission, the n-terminal brain natriuretic peptide precursor (NT-proBNP), the left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD)、the left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV)and the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were improved by ultrasonic morphological examination.ELISA was used to detect the expression levels of NLRP3, Caspase-1 and IL-1β in serum of all samples, and the association of NLRP3, Caspase-1, IL-1β and related indicators in patients with chronic heart failure of different grades was statistically analyzed, so as to investigate the relationship between pyroptosis and the occurrence and development of chronic heart failure. Results: chronic heart failure group NLRP3,Caspase-1,IL-1β,NT-proBNP and LVEDD、LVEDV were higher than normal control group, and LVEF was lower than normal control group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).Levels of NLRP3,Caspase-1,IL-1β,NT-proBNP and LVEDD、LVEDV increased with cardiac function grading, while LVEF decreased with cardiac function grading.(P < 0.05). Pearson analysis showed that NLRP3, Caspase-1 and IL-1β were positively correlated with NT-proBNP and LVEDD、LVEDV (r=0.398, 0.396, 0.398, 0.506, 0.499, 0.505, 0.449, 0.422, 0.424, P<0.01) and negatively correlated with LVEF(r=-0.400, -0.555, -0.438,P<0.01).The area under the ROC curve of NLRP3,Caspase-1 and IL-1β for diagnosing heart failure was 0.768,0.805 and 0.799, respectively, with statistically significant differences (P<0.01). Conclusion: Serum levels of NLRP3, caspase-1, and IL-1β were higher in patients with chronic heart failure than in the control group, and continued to increase as the heart function deteriorated. Pyroptosis has certain guiding significance for the occurrence and development of chronic heart failure.