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定语从句是高中英语教学中的重点,也是高考难点。理解语篇和语言表达都离不开对定语从句的掌握,因此,学好定语从句尤为重要。笔者在教学中发现了许多问题,如滥用关系代词、关系副词,与同位语从句混淆,从句中句子成分的重复等。通过多年的摸索,笔者在教学生理解定语从句的意义及关系代词、关系副词的用法同时,尝试用“四步走”的方法去教学生理解定语从句。
一、找
找就是找先行词。教师根据定语从句的意义及性质引导学生找出定语从句所修饰的名词或代词,即找出先行词并画线。这样,学生就确定了先行词,如以下例子中的画线部分就是找出的先行词。
例1.(2011年课标卷,1)The prize will go to the writer ( )story shows the most imagination.
A.that B.which C.whose D.what
例2.(2011 年山东卷,26)The old town has narrow streets and small houses( )are built close to each other.
A.where B.what C.whether D.that
例3.(2010 年江西卷,31)The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training center with her sister( )she would stay for an hour.
A.where B.who C.which D.what
例4.(2008 年陕西卷, 13)The man pulled out a gold watch ,( )were made of small diamond.
A.the hands of whom B.whom the hands of
C.which the hands of D.the hands of which
例5.(2009年 浙江卷, 14)I have reached a point in my life ( ) I am supposed to make decision of my own.
A.which B.where C.how D why
二、加
加就是把以上所找到的先行词加到定语从句中去,使定语从句的句子成分完整并且明白先行词在定语从句中作何成分。所以,根据题干要求可以引导学生把以上5个例子中的定语从句通过加先行词的方法改变为以下5个简单句。
例1.The writer’s story shows the most imagination.
例2.The narrow streets and small houses are built close to each other.
例3.She would stay for an hour at the training center.
例4.The hands of the gold watch were made of small diamond.
例5.I am supposed to make decision of my own at the point.
三、减
减就是减去上一步为了使定语从句完整而加进去的先行词和其附带词(介词),即以上例句的画线部分。通过这一步,学生就很容易理解定语从句中所缺的句子成分是什么,以便下一步使用合适的关系代词或关系副词代替所缺成分。如,以下例子中的括号部分就是被减去的部分。
例1.(The writer’s)story shows the most imagination.
例2.(The narrow streets and small houses) are built close to each other.
例3.She would stay for an hour (at the training center).
例4.The hands of (the gold watch) were made of small diamond.
例5.I am supposed to make decision of my own (at the point).
四、代
代就是选用合适的关系代词或关系副词代替在上一步被减掉的成分。这时,教师一定要激发学生认真观察去掉了什么成分:去掉作主语、宾语、表语的名词或代词时,用关系代词that,which,who,whom等代替;去掉作定语的名词所有格或形容词性的物主代词时,用关系代词whose代替;去掉作状语的副词或介词短语时,用where,when,why代替。这样,以上5个题例的答案就可分析如下。
1.(The writer’s)story shows the most imagination.(缺少定语用whose)
2.(The narrow streets and small houses) are built close to each other. (缺少主语用 which/that)
3.She would stay for an hour (at the training center). (缺少地点状语用where)
4.The hands of (the gold watch) were made of small dia-mond. (缺少介词宾语用 which)
5.I am supposed to make decision of my own (at the point). (缺少地点状语用 where)
综上所述,在解决定语从句的疑难问题时,教师只要带领学生用“找、加、减、代”四步走的方法,学生就能轻松学会定语从句,易于理解,进一步提升做题能力。
(责任编辑 黄 晓)
一、找
找就是找先行词。教师根据定语从句的意义及性质引导学生找出定语从句所修饰的名词或代词,即找出先行词并画线。这样,学生就确定了先行词,如以下例子中的画线部分就是找出的先行词。
例1.(2011年课标卷,1)The prize will go to the writer ( )story shows the most imagination.
A.that B.which C.whose D.what
例2.(2011 年山东卷,26)The old town has narrow streets and small houses( )are built close to each other.
A.where B.what C.whether D.that
例3.(2010 年江西卷,31)The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training center with her sister( )she would stay for an hour.
A.where B.who C.which D.what
例4.(2008 年陕西卷, 13)The man pulled out a gold watch ,( )were made of small diamond.
A.the hands of whom B.whom the hands of
C.which the hands of D.the hands of which
例5.(2009年 浙江卷, 14)I have reached a point in my life ( ) I am supposed to make decision of my own.
A.which B.where C.how D why
二、加
加就是把以上所找到的先行词加到定语从句中去,使定语从句的句子成分完整并且明白先行词在定语从句中作何成分。所以,根据题干要求可以引导学生把以上5个例子中的定语从句通过加先行词的方法改变为以下5个简单句。
例1.The writer’s story shows the most imagination.
例2.The narrow streets and small houses are built close to each other.
例3.She would stay for an hour at the training center.
例4.The hands of the gold watch were made of small diamond.
例5.I am supposed to make decision of my own at the point.
三、减
减就是减去上一步为了使定语从句完整而加进去的先行词和其附带词(介词),即以上例句的画线部分。通过这一步,学生就很容易理解定语从句中所缺的句子成分是什么,以便下一步使用合适的关系代词或关系副词代替所缺成分。如,以下例子中的括号部分就是被减去的部分。
例1.(The writer’s)story shows the most imagination.
例2.(The narrow streets and small houses) are built close to each other.
例3.She would stay for an hour (at the training center).
例4.The hands of (the gold watch) were made of small diamond.
例5.I am supposed to make decision of my own (at the point).
四、代
代就是选用合适的关系代词或关系副词代替在上一步被减掉的成分。这时,教师一定要激发学生认真观察去掉了什么成分:去掉作主语、宾语、表语的名词或代词时,用关系代词that,which,who,whom等代替;去掉作定语的名词所有格或形容词性的物主代词时,用关系代词whose代替;去掉作状语的副词或介词短语时,用where,when,why代替。这样,以上5个题例的答案就可分析如下。
1.(The writer’s)story shows the most imagination.(缺少定语用whose)
2.(The narrow streets and small houses) are built close to each other. (缺少主语用 which/that)
3.She would stay for an hour (at the training center). (缺少地点状语用where)
4.The hands of (the gold watch) were made of small dia-mond. (缺少介词宾语用 which)
5.I am supposed to make decision of my own (at the point). (缺少地点状语用 where)
综上所述,在解决定语从句的疑难问题时,教师只要带领学生用“找、加、减、代”四步走的方法,学生就能轻松学会定语从句,易于理解,进一步提升做题能力。
(责任编辑 黄 晓)