牛黄为哺乳纲牛科动物黄牛Bos taursu domesticus Gmelin或水牛Bubalis L.的胆囊、胆管或肝管中的结石。胆囊中的结石称胆黄,胆管和肝管中的结石称管黄,三者统称天然牛黄。牛黄是清心、化痰、利胆、镇惊的要药,疗效肯定,供不应求。在天然牛黄稀缺的情况下,亦可用人工牛黄替代。人工牛黄为牛胆汁或猜胆汁经人工提取制造而成。近来发现以骆驼黄、熊胆黄等伪充天然牛黄,以一些伪制品冒充人工牛黄,严重影响药品质量和疗效,甚至造成严重后 Niuhuang is a stone found in the gallbladder, bile duct, or hepatic duct of the mammalian Bovidae Bos taursu domesticus Gmelin or buffalo Bubalis L. The stones in the gallbladder are called bile yellow, and the stones in the bile ducts and hepatic ducts are called tube yellow. The three are collectively called natural bezoar. Niuhuang is a medicine for pure heart, phlegm, gallbladder, and panic. The effect is affirmative and supply exceeds supply. In the case of scarcity of natural bezoar, artificial bezoar can also be used instead. Artificial bezoar is made from bovine bile or guessed bile juice by artificial extraction. Recently, it has been found that pseudo-enriched natural bezoar, such as Camel Yellow and Bear Gallbladder yellow, is used to impersonate artificial bezoar with some fake products, seriously affecting the quality and efficacy of drugs and even causing serious problems.