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“潮神祭祀”本是由百姓自发展开的悠久习俗，一般只含上香、敬神、祈祷（包括禳灾、纳福）等环节，主要流传于浙江省海宁市境内的黄湾、袁花、丁桥、盐官、周王庙、长安、许村等钱塘江沿岸乡镇。历史上，这习俗逐渐被官方认可、利用，从而结合三礼、形成仪规程式，发展为一种由各级守土官员主持的地方政府祭典。2014年，“潮神祭祀”作为中华传统文化的一个项目，被列入了国家级非物质文化遗产名录。
钱塘江潮神的出现由来已久，其渊源可以追溯至2000多年前春秋吴国相国伍子胥遭谗言见杀的史说。民间相传，农历八月十八那天，伍子胥的尸体被投进钱塘江，此后他日日驾着素车白马驱潮而来，吴国百姓崇仰他，尊之为潮神，并将这一天定为潮神生日，远近百姓从四面八方赶来海塘，进行群体性祭祀。
此外，民间祭祀还有两种：一是日常祭祀，百姓平日会到钱塘江畔的庙宇上香供烛，祷求潮神保佑；二是“请顺风”，每逢出海捕鱼、开工修筑海塘，百姓都要祭祀潮神祝愿平安。
“潮神祭祀”应是随潮患而产生的。钱塘江潮是天下自然奇观，尤以海宁一线最为汹涌澎湃，因而也叫“海宁潮”。海宁潮惊涛拍岸的壮伟景观除给游人带来绝佳的视觉享受外，也给沿江百姓带来巨大的灾害。古人无力抗拒潮患，便塑造潮神，通过建庙宇、烧海香、迎庙会等活动来保佑安稳，“潮神祭祀”也就应运而生。这其实大抵由先民的泛神性质的自然崇拜发展而来，转向英雄兼具神祇的朴素崇拜。
“潮神祭祀”的官方祭典分为小祭、中祭和大祭。最早记载的官方祭典见于南宋程珌《洺水集》中的《盐官祷海》一文：“风涛受令，寂无冲啮之忧，浦溆还沙，永赖扞防之固，嗣新祠宇，祗荅灵休。”那时，官方祭典有在杭州江干举行的，也有在海宁举行的；小祭由地方官员主持，中祭由浙江主官主持，遇大祭，皇帝会派大员宣读御制祭文，以祈国泰民安。祭祀过程中，为示隆重，常有水军操演一环；为示热烈，并有民间高手弄潮示勇一节。官方祭典表征是为平息潮患，内里实质流露政治的需要：中国的山海河川固多附丽神祇，承继封神淫祀，显示的是王权思想和万国来朝的气象。
因为清王朝对江南杭嘉湖地区在经济和海防上的日益严重依赖，雍正帝下旨在海宁盐官建海神庙，以启“保厘东海”“作镇南邦”“雨阳时若”“仁智长宁”的基石砥柱式的精神作用。乾隆帝六下江南，四次巡视海宁海塘，崇祀海神庙。海神庙是浙江省官庙之一，譬如省孔庙、譬如省城隍庙、譬如省关帝庙。海神庙供奉浙海之神，以春秋吴国相国伍子胥、五代吴越国国主钱镠配食，又以春秋越国大夫文种等18人从享，统称为“海神”。此后每逢这一天，海神庙内都举行隆重的祭祀仪式，一直延续到民国时期。
1994年，海宁市人民政府出于文化旅游发展和文化传承需要，设立观潮节，确定恢复“潮神祭祀”活动，纳入其中。“潮神祭祀”如今依然属于官方性质，延续在全国重点文物保护单位的海神庙中举行，基本遵守传统祭祀流程，而整理编排的有关江潮的民俗表演节目，只是穿插其中，作一道风景，使之在庄严肃穆的“庙堂”气氛之余更添一股喜庆欢乐的“江湖”魅力——本来，祀神就是吉礼，娱神、娱人、娱己大都可以。
中国有诸多礼仪，源头便在上古的祀神活动，“潮神祭祀”的诞生则在礼仪成熟之后。其旧时的仪规流程冗杂，但造就了场面的恢弘气势；现今的表演又尽量让人穿越时空，回到浓烈的传统之中：开始，古乐响起，舞者起舞；接着，仪仗旗幡，一一入场；随后，民间代表向诸海神献上五谷、牺牲，官方代表燃烛、上香、跪叩、敬酒；高潮，主祭人诵读祭文、焚烧祭文以上表潮神；最后，进行民乐演奏，音韵悠远的乐曲为祭典画上一个圆满的句号。
历经千年沉淀，现今的“潮神祭祀”寄托了人们对幸福生活的美好期盼。
（除署名外，本文照片由张庆中拍摄）
Sacrificial Ceremony in Honor of God of Tides
By Huang Jiayan
The sea outside the mouth of the Qiantang River sends tides into the broad Hangzhou Bay twice every day. The river suddenly narrows in Haining near Hangzhou and the huge momentum of the incoming tides gets trapped， turning angry and trying to find a way out. They used to wreak havocs on the banks， breaking dykes， destroying houses， flooding farmlands and killing people. In these places， dykes built with modern technology stand against possible disasters.
If technology of today protects people most efficiently and brings the ferocity of tides under control with ease， then in ancient times， people built dykes and turned to gods for protection. In towns of Haining， people initiated a sacrificial ceremony to appease the wrath of the god of tides. Gradually， the ceremony evolved into a governmental rite. Local governors prayed to the god of tides regularly to show they were together with the local people. In 2014， the tide-god sacrificial ceremony was designated as a national cultural heritage. The god of tides of Qiantang River is Wu Zixu， a prime minister of the Wu State more than 2，000 years ago. He was framed by his enemies at the court and executed for crimes he hadn’t committed. Folklore says that his body was thrown into Qiantang River on the 18th day of the eighth month on the lunar calendar. He became the god of tides. He came back every day， taking a ride on the ferocious tides， dressed in white and sitting in a carriage powered by white horses. The day his body was dumped into the river became his birthday. For centuries， a sacrificial ceremony was held in his honor on his birthday.
In the past， local residents paid homage at the temples along the river and prayed there for the blessing of the god of tides. And they held special ceremonies for the blessing of the god of tides when they set sail or started a dyke project.
In the Southern Song Dynasty （1127-1279）， the court ruled the country from Hangzhou and the ceremony was institutionalized. The sacrificial ceremony was held at three levels. The local governors held the lowest-grade ceremony either in Hangzhou or in Haining. At the provincial level， the Zhejiang governor presided at the ceremony. At the grand ceremony， a court minister would read a sacrificial oration on the behalf of the emperor. At the grand ceremony， the navy would parade and exercise on the river. For entertainment at the ceremony， local swimmers played with the tides.
Biggest temples in honor of the god of sea in Haining were built during the Qing Dynasty. Under the decree of Emperor Yongzheng who ruled from 1722 to 1735， a sea god temple was built in Haining. Emperor Qianlong who ruled from 1736 to 1795 visited the Haining dykes four times during his six inspections to the south. The Sea God Temple in Haining was sponsored by the government， like the Confucius Temple， the City God Temple and Lord Guan Temple in Hangzhou. The aforementioned Wu Zixu and the King of Wuyue State Qian Liu were officially apotheosized by the central government to be worshipped at the temple， and eighteen other historical figures were also canonized to be worshipped at the temple. An annual sacrificial ceremony was held at the Sea God Temple in Haining from the Qing Dynasty up to the years of the short-lived Republic of China （1911-1949）.
The ceremony was brought back in 1994 when the Haining People’s Government decided to set up a tide-viewing festival. The ceremony was part of the initial package. The sacrificial ceremony is now still sponsored by the local government and held at the Sea God Temple， a key cultural heritage unit under the protection of the central government. The solemn ceremony， however， is partly made vivid by a celebration staged by folk artists. They perform a traditional show in honor of the god of tides and legends about these historical figures who had something to do with the river.
钱塘江潮神的出现由来已久，其渊源可以追溯至2000多年前春秋吴国相国伍子胥遭谗言见杀的史说。民间相传，农历八月十八那天，伍子胥的尸体被投进钱塘江，此后他日日驾着素车白马驱潮而来，吴国百姓崇仰他，尊之为潮神，并将这一天定为潮神生日，远近百姓从四面八方赶来海塘，进行群体性祭祀。
此外，民间祭祀还有两种：一是日常祭祀，百姓平日会到钱塘江畔的庙宇上香供烛，祷求潮神保佑；二是“请顺风”，每逢出海捕鱼、开工修筑海塘，百姓都要祭祀潮神祝愿平安。
“潮神祭祀”应是随潮患而产生的。钱塘江潮是天下自然奇观，尤以海宁一线最为汹涌澎湃，因而也叫“海宁潮”。海宁潮惊涛拍岸的壮伟景观除给游人带来绝佳的视觉享受外，也给沿江百姓带来巨大的灾害。古人无力抗拒潮患，便塑造潮神，通过建庙宇、烧海香、迎庙会等活动来保佑安稳，“潮神祭祀”也就应运而生。这其实大抵由先民的泛神性质的自然崇拜发展而来，转向英雄兼具神祇的朴素崇拜。
“潮神祭祀”的官方祭典分为小祭、中祭和大祭。最早记载的官方祭典见于南宋程珌《洺水集》中的《盐官祷海》一文：“风涛受令，寂无冲啮之忧，浦溆还沙，永赖扞防之固，嗣新祠宇，祗荅灵休。”那时，官方祭典有在杭州江干举行的，也有在海宁举行的；小祭由地方官员主持，中祭由浙江主官主持，遇大祭，皇帝会派大员宣读御制祭文，以祈国泰民安。祭祀过程中，为示隆重，常有水军操演一环；为示热烈，并有民间高手弄潮示勇一节。官方祭典表征是为平息潮患，内里实质流露政治的需要：中国的山海河川固多附丽神祇，承继封神淫祀，显示的是王权思想和万国来朝的气象。
因为清王朝对江南杭嘉湖地区在经济和海防上的日益严重依赖，雍正帝下旨在海宁盐官建海神庙，以启“保厘东海”“作镇南邦”“雨阳时若”“仁智长宁”的基石砥柱式的精神作用。乾隆帝六下江南，四次巡视海宁海塘，崇祀海神庙。海神庙是浙江省官庙之一，譬如省孔庙、譬如省城隍庙、譬如省关帝庙。海神庙供奉浙海之神，以春秋吴国相国伍子胥、五代吴越国国主钱镠配食，又以春秋越国大夫文种等18人从享，统称为“海神”。此后每逢这一天，海神庙内都举行隆重的祭祀仪式，一直延续到民国时期。
1994年，海宁市人民政府出于文化旅游发展和文化传承需要，设立观潮节，确定恢复“潮神祭祀”活动，纳入其中。“潮神祭祀”如今依然属于官方性质，延续在全国重点文物保护单位的海神庙中举行，基本遵守传统祭祀流程，而整理编排的有关江潮的民俗表演节目，只是穿插其中，作一道风景，使之在庄严肃穆的“庙堂”气氛之余更添一股喜庆欢乐的“江湖”魅力——本来，祀神就是吉礼，娱神、娱人、娱己大都可以。
中国有诸多礼仪，源头便在上古的祀神活动，“潮神祭祀”的诞生则在礼仪成熟之后。其旧时的仪规流程冗杂，但造就了场面的恢弘气势；现今的表演又尽量让人穿越时空，回到浓烈的传统之中：开始，古乐响起，舞者起舞；接着，仪仗旗幡，一一入场；随后，民间代表向诸海神献上五谷、牺牲，官方代表燃烛、上香、跪叩、敬酒；高潮，主祭人诵读祭文、焚烧祭文以上表潮神；最后，进行民乐演奏，音韵悠远的乐曲为祭典画上一个圆满的句号。
历经千年沉淀，现今的“潮神祭祀”寄托了人们对幸福生活的美好期盼。
（除署名外，本文照片由张庆中拍摄）
Sacrificial Ceremony in Honor of God of Tides
By Huang Jiayan
The sea outside the mouth of the Qiantang River sends tides into the broad Hangzhou Bay twice every day. The river suddenly narrows in Haining near Hangzhou and the huge momentum of the incoming tides gets trapped， turning angry and trying to find a way out. They used to wreak havocs on the banks， breaking dykes， destroying houses， flooding farmlands and killing people. In these places， dykes built with modern technology stand against possible disasters.
If technology of today protects people most efficiently and brings the ferocity of tides under control with ease， then in ancient times， people built dykes and turned to gods for protection. In towns of Haining， people initiated a sacrificial ceremony to appease the wrath of the god of tides. Gradually， the ceremony evolved into a governmental rite. Local governors prayed to the god of tides regularly to show they were together with the local people. In 2014， the tide-god sacrificial ceremony was designated as a national cultural heritage. The god of tides of Qiantang River is Wu Zixu， a prime minister of the Wu State more than 2，000 years ago. He was framed by his enemies at the court and executed for crimes he hadn’t committed. Folklore says that his body was thrown into Qiantang River on the 18th day of the eighth month on the lunar calendar. He became the god of tides. He came back every day， taking a ride on the ferocious tides， dressed in white and sitting in a carriage powered by white horses. The day his body was dumped into the river became his birthday. For centuries， a sacrificial ceremony was held in his honor on his birthday.
In the past， local residents paid homage at the temples along the river and prayed there for the blessing of the god of tides. And they held special ceremonies for the blessing of the god of tides when they set sail or started a dyke project.
In the Southern Song Dynasty （1127-1279）， the court ruled the country from Hangzhou and the ceremony was institutionalized. The sacrificial ceremony was held at three levels. The local governors held the lowest-grade ceremony either in Hangzhou or in Haining. At the provincial level， the Zhejiang governor presided at the ceremony. At the grand ceremony， a court minister would read a sacrificial oration on the behalf of the emperor. At the grand ceremony， the navy would parade and exercise on the river. For entertainment at the ceremony， local swimmers played with the tides.
Biggest temples in honor of the god of sea in Haining were built during the Qing Dynasty. Under the decree of Emperor Yongzheng who ruled from 1722 to 1735， a sea god temple was built in Haining. Emperor Qianlong who ruled from 1736 to 1795 visited the Haining dykes four times during his six inspections to the south. The Sea God Temple in Haining was sponsored by the government， like the Confucius Temple， the City God Temple and Lord Guan Temple in Hangzhou. The aforementioned Wu Zixu and the King of Wuyue State Qian Liu were officially apotheosized by the central government to be worshipped at the temple， and eighteen other historical figures were also canonized to be worshipped at the temple. An annual sacrificial ceremony was held at the Sea God Temple in Haining from the Qing Dynasty up to the years of the short-lived Republic of China （1911-1949）.
The ceremony was brought back in 1994 when the Haining People’s Government decided to set up a tide-viewing festival. The ceremony was part of the initial package. The sacrificial ceremony is now still sponsored by the local government and held at the Sea God Temple， a key cultural heritage unit under the protection of the central government. The solemn ceremony， however， is partly made vivid by a celebration staged by folk artists. They perform a traditional show in honor of the god of tides and legends about these historical figures who had something to do with the river.