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五、X~2测验 X~2(读作:卡方)测验是对两个或多个百分数进行比较的显著性测验,大小样本均可应用。它是以算得的X~2值大小来判断两组或多组百分数之间差异是否显著。计算X~2值的基本公式为: X~2=各(观察数值-理论数值)~2/理论数值之和, 用符号表示为X~2=Σ(O-T)~2/T 但是在实际应用中,为避免计算理论数值的麻烦,根据资料组数和分类指标的多少,统计学家和实际工作者又推导出各种运算公式。如《科研中的统计方法》1974年第3期有人归纳了8个公式,1973年第3期和1974年第4期还分别介绍了
V. X~2 Test The X~2 (read: Chi-square) test is a significant test that compares two or more percentages. Both large and small samples can be used. It is based on the calculated value of X~2 to determine whether the difference between two or more groups is significant. The basic formula for calculating the X~2 value is: X~2=each (observed value - theoretical value)~2/sum of the theoretical value, represented by the symbol X~2=Σ(OT)~2/T but in practical application In order to avoid the inconvenience of calculating the theoretical value, according to the number of data sets and classification indicators, statisticians and practical workers have deduced various calculation formulas. For example, “Statistical Methods in Scientific Research” 1974, No. 3, eight formulae were summarized, and the third and third editions of 1973 and 1974 were introduced respectively.