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哈:心灵哲学的最终目标是什么?心灵哲学和诸如神经科学、认知科学以及心理学等学科有什么区别? 普:象哲学的所有其他分支一样,心灵哲学是对一大堆松散的问题的讨论,这些问题随着时间的推移不断增加(有时也会减少)。“心灵”概念本身,几千年来,变化极大,使事情更为复杂。例如,亚里士多德并没有与我们的“心灵”概念确切对应的概念。赛克(Psyche),或灵魂,在亚里士多德哲学中,和我们的“心灵”并不等同,因为它包括诸如消化生殖等一些‘非精神”的功能。(其所以如此,是由于在亚里士多德哲学中,“灵魂”就是生命有机体的形式。这一概念明显地不如我们目前的“心灵”概念吗?)而且,在亚里士多德哲学中,奴斯(nous),或理性,排除了许多我们认为是精神的功能(这些功能中的一部分被萨姆斯[thumos]取代,它是亚里士多德认为存在于心中的整合中心)。
HA: What’s the ultimate goal of philosophy of mind? What is the difference between philosophy of mind and disciplines such as neuroscience, cognitive science, and psychology? Like all other branches of philosophy, philosophy of mind is about a whole host of loose problems Discussion, these problems have increased (and sometimes diminished) over time. The concept of “mind,” itself, has changed dramatically for thousands of years, making things more complicated. For example, Aristotle does not have a concept that exactly corresponds to our notion of “mind.” Psyche, or soul, is not synonymous with our “mind” in Aristotelian philosophy because it includes some ’non-spiritual’ functions such as digestion and reproduction. (This is so because In Aristotle’s philosophy, “soul” is the form of a living organism that is clearly not as current as our current “mind” concept.) Moreover, in Aristotle’s philosophy, nous, , Or rational, ruled out many of what we consider to be spiritual functions (some of these functions were replaced by thumos, the center of Aristotle’s thought of existence in the mind).