孔子是中国古代伟大的思想家、政治家和教育家,他生活在“礼崩乐坏”的春秋晚期,以维护周天子的统一天下和重建文武周公事业为已任。孔子探究过夏、商、周三代的历史,得出“殷因于夏礼”、“周因于殷礼”的结论。试图通过三代制度的继承性,来说明周王朝也将百世不替地延续下去。在孔子看来,要实现“天下有道,则礼乐征伐自天子出”、“天下有道,则政不在大夫”、“天下有道,则庶人不议”这一目的,单靠政治手段是不够的。《论语·为政》中说:“道之以政,齐之以刑,民免而无耻。道之以德,齐之以礼,有耻且格。”意思是说,仅用政令领导、刑罚威慑,充其量民众也就是能做到触犯法律,却不会有羞耻之心;如果用道德和礼教引导和规范民众,民 Confucius was a great thinker, politician, and educator of ancient China. He lived in the late spring and autumn of the “ceremony of ceremonial collapse and bad music,” and he assumed responsibility for maintaining Zhou Tianzi’s unified world and reconstruction of the civil and military magistrates. Confucius explored the history of the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties and came to the conclusion that “Yin was due to Xia Li” and “Zhou was due to Yin Li.” Trying to explain the inheritance of the three generations of the system shows that the Zhou dynasty also continued the practice of replacing human beings. In the eyes of Confucius, to achieve “the way in the world, then the rites and music will be exiled from the Son of Heaven,” and “there is something in the world. If the government is not a doctor,” “there is something in the world, then the people will not discuss it.” For one goal, political measures alone are not enough. In The Analects of Confucius, it says: “The rule of the government is the rule, and the rule is the punishment. The people are exempt from shame. The morality of the Tao, the sympathy of the courtesy, and the humiliation of the court.” Means that only the decree was used. Leadership, penalty, deterrence, and at best the ability of people to violate the law, will not be ashamed; if morality and ethical guidance and regulation of the people, the people