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明清时期的地权秩序表现为受制于国家政治权力的宏观地权秩序与乡土社会原生自发形成的微观地权秩序的二元结构。民间地权秩序以“业”为核心概念,以私人契约为工具,分化为永佃、一田二主、典制等多样态的管业层级以及典卖、活卖、绝卖等一系列交易形态。诸管业层级根据经营收益、流通性、管业年限与税赋风险等四种影响因子,体现为不同的权利内容与地权价值。诸地权交易类型以当前收益与未来收益两个维度构建起统一的交易链条与理论框架。民间自发的地权分化所催生的复杂地权结构起到了明晰产权与降低交易成本的积极功效,其成因根植于明清社会经济的变迁之中。明清时期地权秩序呈现出来的抽象和相对性观念、时间维度上的灵活性特征,不同于大陆法系以绝对所有权为中心的物权观念以及“所有权—他物权”结构,这一观察对我国农地“三权分置”改革颇具启发意义。
In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the tenure order appeared as the dual structure of the macroeconomic tenure order subject to the state political power and the microcosmic tenure order formed spontaneously by native society. The civil rights order takes “industry ” as the core concept, private contract as a tool, divides into the permanent tenancy, a field two Lord, Series trading patterns. The various levels of management reflect different contents of rights and land rights according to four influencing factors: operating income, liquidity, duration of management and risk of taxation. The transaction types of land ownership rights construct a unified transaction chain and theoretical framework based on two dimensions of current income and future income. The spontaneous spontaneous differentiation of land ownership has triggered the complex ownership structure has played a clear property rights and reduce transaction costs, the positive effect, its causes are rooted in the social and economic changes in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The concept of abstractness and relativity of the land rights order in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and the flexibility features in the time dimension are different from the concepts of the real right centered on the absolute ownership in the civil law system and the structure of “ An observation is quite instructive for the reform of China’s farmland ”separation of powers ".