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19世纪以来,埃及土地制度的历史演进呈现出4个阶段:1805~1848年穆罕默德.阿里重新确立了土地国有制;1849~1952年阿里后裔统治期间,土地私有化愈演愈烈,土地高度集中;1952~1970年纳赛尔政权限制大地产、稳定租佃权,并控制合作社,使土地私有化和土地兼并一度受到遏制;1970~1981年萨达特政权逐渐修正纳赛尔的土改举措,穆巴拉克政权则于1992年出台第96号法令,放松对地产面积的限制,并废除纳赛尔时代的永佃制度。二百年来埃及土地制度与政治权力密不可分。一方面,政治权力往往支配土地制度:土地国有化与限制大地产往往根源于中央集权化,而土地私有化与支持大地产则多为中枢控制松弛的结果。另一方面,土地制度也影响着政治权力。
Since the 19th century, the historical evolution of the land system in Egypt showed four stages: From 1805 to 1848, Muhammad Ali reestablished the state ownership of land; during the reign of Ali descendants from 1849 to 1952, the privatization of land intensified and the land was highly concentrated; The regime of Nasser restricted the real estate, stabilized the tenancy rights and controlled the cooperatives in 1970, so that the privatization of land and the merger of the land were once checked. From 1970 to 1981, the Sadat regime gradually amended Nasser’s land reform measures. The Mubarak regime in 1992 Legislative Decree No. 96 was issued to relax restrictions on the size of the real estate and abolish the permanent tenancy in the Nasser era. For two hundred years Egypt’s land system is inextricably linked with political power. On the one hand, political power tends to dominate the land system: nationalization and restriction of land often result from the centralization of land while privatization of land and support for large-scale real estate are mostly the result of relaxation of central control. On the other hand, the land system also affects political power.