一、科学的本性(此部分略)二、法律的本性(一)概念“法律”这个术语指以裁判者为其恰当适用者的、有关外部行为的那些规则的总和。2需要对该定义中的各种术语做一番说明。1.总和(totality)要么是素材性的,即根据其内容而组成,例如宪法或刑法;要么是历史性的,即根据法律的地方性、时间性、人种性、国别性而组成。例如欧洲法、现行法、罗马法、奥匈法。2.“规则”不同于自然法则,并不陈述实际发生什么,而陈述在某些情形下应当发生什么。因而对任何规则而言,本质性的东西是其内容被认可是某种应为之事。这就把规则与仅仅描述事实上的(经济的、语言的或社会的)习俗的一般陈述区分开来,后者可能是惯例(根据其源远流长而得到尊重)或时尚(根据其新颖性得到尊重)。就其效力理由而言,规 First, the nature of science (this part is abbreviated) Second, the nature of law (A) Concept The term “law” refers to the referee for its proper application, the total of those rules on external behavior. 2 There is a need to explain the various terms in this definition. 1. Totality is either materialistic, that is, based on its content, such as constitutional or criminal law, or historic, that is, based on the law’s place, timeliness, ethnicity, nationality. For example, European law, current law, Roman law, Austro-Hungarian law. 2. “Rules” is different from the laws of nature and does not state what actually happens, but states what should happen under certain circumstances. Thus for any rule, the essential thing is that its content is recognized as something that should be done. This distinguishes rules from the general statements that merely describe de facto (economic, linguistic or social) customs, which may be conventional (respected for their long standing) or fashion (respect for their novelty ). In terms of its validity, regulation