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If a man finds himself with bread in both hands， he should exchange one loaf for some flowers of Narcissus.
——The Prophet Muhammad
假如你有两块面包，请你用一块换一朵水仙花。
——穆罕默德
Sept. 10 of 2013 marks the tenth “World Suicide Prevention Day”
According to “China Youth Daily”， China has become one of the countries with the highest rate of suicides in the world. The average rate in the world is 1/10000， while in China the number’s 23/100000， 2.3 times as high as the international mean.
Over the past ten years， which has seen rapid economic development and transformation in China， China’s economy has risen to the second place in the world. However， the increase of social wealth also brought social problems. Was the development of China’s cultural civilization keeping up with the pace of material development in the past decade？
2013年9月10日，已是第十个“世界预防自杀日”。
据《中国青年报》报道称，目前，中国已经成为世界上自杀率最高的国家之一。国际平均自杀率为10万分之10，而中国自杀率为10万分之23，是国际平均值的2.3倍。
近十年来，恰恰也是中国经济急剧发展、快速转型的十年，中国一跃成为世界第二大经济体，物质的发展也带来了相应的社会问题。这十年来，中国的精神文明发展是否跟上了物质发展的步伐？
According to a survey released by Beijing Suicide Research and Prevention Center， suicide has become the fifth biggest cause of death in China， and the No. 1 cause of death of 15 to 34 year old people. Suicides of youths and psychological crisis have become a critical concern in public health.
据北京心理危机与干预中心近日公布的一项调查显示：自杀已成为中国人口第五位死因，但在青年群体（15至34岁人口）中，自杀则已经成为排名第一的死因。青年自杀与心理危机已经成为中国一个重要的公共卫生问题。
Where is a State of Peace and Clam？ Psychological Problems of the Youth in the Past Decade
心灵何处安放——过去十年中的青年心理问题
The suicide records of Chinese youth in recent years are shocking. A series of incidents like the jumping deaths in Foxconn， poisoning case at Fudan University and recent news of a group of young people talking about committing suicide together online reflect the psychological problems of Chinese youth which we can’t afford to ignore.
According to Li Ang， vice director of Beijing Youth Stress Management Service Center， in recent years， the number of young people seeking psychological counseling has been increasing. Their ages range varies from 20 to 35. A large part of their problems， i.e.， 70%， are related to interpersonal relations； future development accounts for about 20%； ranking the third is specific individual problems like losing spouses or divorce， accounting for 10%.
Li said， “Our younger generations are psychologically fragile. In a rapid developed society， many young people are anxious to achieve quick success and get instant benefits， and they want to realize their goals as soon as possible. Hence they become subjective and impatient. Once they encounter failure， they will be more likely to go to extremes.” 翻看近年来的中国青年自杀档案，让人触目惊心。从富士康员工的跳楼事件，到复旦校园投毒案，再到最近出现的青年网上相约集体自杀事件。这一系列事件背后，折射出的是不得不令人重视的中国青年群体心理问题。
据北京青年压力管理中心副主任李昂说，近年来求助心理咨询的青年数量比往年有所增加，大概年龄段在20岁到35岁之间，其中大多数心理问题集中在人际关系，占所咨询问题的70%；其次是青年自我以及未来发展，占20%；具体的指向型问题，比如丧偶、离婚等占到10%。
李昂副主任说：“现在的年轻一代是脆弱的一代，快速发展的社会使很多年轻人面对物欲横流的社会急功近利，想要尽快的实现自己的目标，在心态上会变得更主观、急躁。一旦遭遇失败，他们会变得更加偏激”。
With the rapid economic development in China， the material civilization has advanced by leaps and bounds. In the meantime， many people are starting to pay attention to spiritual civilization and human care in Chinese society. Many people feel that the atmosphere in Chinese society now is cold and aloof， with people pursuing nothing but profits. The values and worldviews of Chinese youth are shaped in such a background . All kinds of new social cultures are emerging， and people sometimes have no time to fully understand those cultures before absorbing them.
As to the above phenomenon， Li explained： “Chinese people are not aloof； they just don’t know how to express their care， especially young people today， who are in lack of education targeted at their emotional quotient. They don’t know how to communicate with the society and with others.
随着中国快速的经济发展，物质文明取得了飞跃的进步。与此同时，很多人开始关注中国社会的精神文明以及人文关怀。很多中国人普遍感到，现在的中国社会是一个人情冷漠、缺少他人意识、一味追求利益的社会。中国青年的价值观、世界观也在这样一个时代背景下形成，各种新鲜的社会文化不断涌现，有时来不及消化就得全盘接受。此外，吸收过快也带来了消化不良的问题。
李主任对此解释说：“中国人不是冷漠，而是不会去表达内心的关怀，尤其是当下的年轻人，缺少情商教育，不知道应该以怎样的方式与社会、与他人进行沟通。”
When a person is impetuous， he would always have trouble making effective communications， because he could think about nothing but his own goals.
Li also stressed the difference between psychological problems and psychological diseases. He said everyone could have psychological problems； there is a difference between psychological problem and psychological diseases. We could all feel worried and unhappy sometime in our life. But if those feelings evolve into psychological illness， the problem becomes serious. In such cases， one could suffer illnesses like compulsion， obsession， anxiety and depression.
Early-stage psychological problems which are not serious at all should be dealt with in a timely manner.
在急躁的心理状况下，很多青年往往会选择最直接的方式，从而产生一些沟通上的问题。
当然，李昂也强调了心理问题和心理疾病的区别。他说，心理问题每个人都会有，从“心理不适”到心理疾病有个过渡过程。正常人都会有烦恼或不开心，但当心理不适发展到心理疾病时，问题就变得严重了，就会出现如强迫症、恐惧症、焦虑症、抑郁症等疾病。
对于浅层次、初期的心理问题应该及时的予以疏导。
What Should We Do If
We Feel Distress ？
精神“感冒”了怎么办
Li said， “Although psychological counseling is common in the society， most people rely on social supports to banish negative moods， for example， talking to friends， parents and people they trust. Compared with other groups， young people living alone and far away from their hometowns are prone to psychological problems. That is because it’s hard for them to find upport in new city. They easily feel lonely and are under all kinds of pressures. If they can’t find a way to release emotions， they would be more likely to have psychological problems.
Looking back at the tragedies caused by psychological problems among Chinese youth， you will find that the main reason is that the victims can hardly find a way to deal with their moods. In some other countries， young people with psychological problems would resort to professional counseling. For example in the U.K. and the U.S. where psychological counseling came into being at an early time， community service including professional psychological counseling has become the main channel for young people to resolve their psychological problems. Psychological counseling in China started relatively late. The western psychology was not introduced to China until 1980s. After that ， psychological counseling services started to take root in China， but mostly concentrated in hospitals and schools. Psychological counseling centers， mental clinics and community psychological health counseling service centers only emerged in recent years.
李昂副主任说：“尽管现在社会出现了很多的心理咨询服务，但大部分青年主要情绪疏导方式还是依赖于人际支持”。这其中包括向朋友、父母，以及其他可信赖的人的诉说。
相较于其他青年群体，独身一人在外拼搏的青年人更容易成为心理服务的对象。因为他们在陌生的城市，身边缺少人际支持，往往容易孤独，同时也承担着来自方方面面的压力，如果情绪不能得到有效的舒缓，就更容易堆积成心理问题。
回顾近几年来中国青年群体的心理事件，都是没有找到合理的情绪疏导方式，使得不良的心理状况不断蔓延，最后演化成一幕幕悲剧。而国外的青年在遇到心理问题时，大多会求助于心理咨询。比如心理咨询起步较早的英国、美国，发达的社区服务涵盖了专业的心理咨询，成为青年主要的情绪疏导方式。中国的心理咨询服务起步较晚，西方的心理学是在80年代才引入中国。从那时起，心理咨询服务在中国生根，但大多集中在医院和学校，近年来才涌现了较多的心理咨询室、心理诊所、社区心理健康咨询服务等。
Thanks to the internet， TV and other media tools， psychological counseling is no longer a strange word to Chinese people. Li said， “This is a good trend. If all psychological counseling is affiliated to hospitals， the future development of psychological counseling would be limited. The experience of other countries shows that the segmentation of medical treatment is the future trend. It is a waste of resources if all medical resources are centralized in public hospitals.
Advertisement and the popularity of psychological counseling centers have raised people’s awareness of psychological problems； more and more people are seeking professional help in counseling places. Because it has not been long since psychological counseling first appeared in China， people still need time to accept it. 随着网络、电视等媒介的宣传普及，心理咨询这个在中国还比较陌生的字眼开始走入人们的生活。对于心理咨询服务逐年增加的趋势，李昂表示：“这是一种好的趋势，因为如果所有的心理咨询都依托于医院，对心理咨询服务的未来发展不利。从国外的经验来看，医疗细分是发展趋势，如果所有的医疗资源集中在公立医院，也是一种资源浪费。”
宣传和心理咨询服务的增加提高了人们对心理问题的重视，越来越多的人开始走进心理咨询室，接受专业的服务。但是，由于心理咨询在中国开展的时间并不长，因此人们对它的接受度还需要更长时间的考验。
Why are There Few People Seeking Psychological Counseling？
心理咨询为何依旧门可罗雀
Although there are more and more young people with potential need for psychological counseling， only a small part of them will go to qualified institutions for psychological advice. The psychological counseling service centers are mostly located in Beijing， Shanghai， Guangzhou and other big cities. Although there are all kinds of psychological counseling institutions like those in universities， private clinics， community hospitals， public hospitals， etc.， there are scarce professional and independent psychological counseling institutions. In small and medium-sized cities and vast rural areas， psychological counseling is still something new.
虽然有潜在心理咨询需求的年轻人越来越多，但是真正走入正规心理咨询机构疏导的人却很少。中国的心理咨询目前集中在北京，上海，广州等大城市，虽然出现了各种各样的心理咨询机构，比如高校、私人诊所、社区医院、公立医院等等，但专业独立的心理咨询还是处于稀缺状态，在中小城市和广大农村地区，心理咨询依然是非常新兴的事物。
Xiao Zhang， who just got his first job after graduation， said， “I considered about professional counseling， but since I don’t know much about the field， I am not sure whether my case is a psychological disease， and at last I didn’t give it a try.
A community psychologist in Beijing said， “Although people’s recognition and awareness of psychological counseling has increased， psychological problem is still something very personal. While most community psychological counseling centers are located openly， the privacy of the clients could not be protected. As for private psychological counseling， the high charge is also an important factor keeping young people from going to counselors.”
“Is it worthy to pay so much money for just chatting？ How can I trust them？”The high charge is also a reason why psychological counseling is not popular.
初入职场的青年小张说：“我也想过咨询正规心理机构，但是出于对这一行业不了解，也不确定自己这种情况算不算是心理疾病，最终还是选择了放弃。”
另据一位北京的社区心理医生表述：“虽然人们对于心理咨询的认可和意识有所提高，但是毕竟其本身有很强的私密性，大多数社区的心理咨询都是在公开的场合开展，不能很好地保护咨询者的隐私，这也成为大多数年轻人不愿意走进心理咨询室的一个原因。另外，对于私立的心理咨询，收费过高也成为阻碍年轻人选择心理咨询的又一个重要原因。
“只是聊聊天，还要花这些钱，到底值不值得，我到底如何相信？”一些青年认为心理咨询收费有点贵，也是导致心理咨询室遇冷的重要原因。
For ordinary families， counseling fees are a little too high. The charges of community psychological counseling are usually cheaper than that of hospitals. According to Li Ang， some public psychological institutions cooperate with communities to provide free counseling and regular mental health services. Apart from cooperation with communities， those institutions also provide professional assistance at colleges. Counseling centers are common in colleges， but most counselors there are staffers of the school whose professional capability cannot meet the needs. Therefore professional counseling institutions could make up for the shortcomings of counseling centers in universities. “心理咨询对于一般家庭来说，确实仍属‘高档消费’。但社区心理咨询室的收费，相比医院而言相对便宜很多。”据李昂所说，一些公立的国家心理机构会与社区进行合作，进行一些免费的心理咨询服务，也会定期开展公益的心理健康服务。除了与社区进行合作，这些机构还会走进高校，为大学生提供专业的心理辅导。在高校，普遍都有心理咨询室，但大多是由高校工作人员兼职充当咨询师的角色，专业度上并不能满足需求。因此专业咨询走进高校弥补了高校心理咨询专业上的不足。
Current State of China’s Community Psychological Counseling Service
中国社区心理咨询的现状
Although China’s psychological counseling service has made rapid progress in recent years， community mental health service targeting psychological problems of common people is still weak. According to relevant literature and surveys， the current community mental health service is mainly targeted at the prevention of mental illnesses， instead of meeting the needs of most residents concerning mental health， for example， to resolve stress， psychological crisis， and interpersonal conflicts. Li said， “Counseling is not for mental illness. Community counseling centers should do more in terms of publicity and counseling， namely early stage prevention and discretion of pressure， concerns， and interpersonal problems. If a client has serious mental illnesses， out of professional morality， counselors should refer the client to a hospital.”
According to World Health Organization， there should be at least one psychologist for every thousand people in a healthy society. China is not even close to that level. According to a national survey， 15% of people in China need psychological education， 2% need counseling， which means 220 million people need psychological counselor. However the number of counselors with certifications approved by the government is no more than 100，000， there is still a big gap in counseling service.
虽然中国的心理咨询服务近年来取得了较快的发展，但是针对普通人群心理卫生问题的社区心理健康服务仍然是一个薄弱环节。据文献调查显示，目前社区精神卫生工作大多是针对精神疾病的防治，而对于广大居民的心理健康需求，如心理压力问题，心理危机，人际矛盾等则涉及不多。对此，李昂表示：“心理咨询与心理疾病不同，社区心理咨询室更多时候应该承担的是宣传和心理咨询的工作，也就是前期的预防和鉴别。比如一开始出现的心理压力，烦恼，人际关系问题等。如果是特别严重的精神疾病，根据咨询师的职业操守，应该建议其去医院就诊服药。”
按照国际卫生组织的说法：每千人拥有一个心理咨询师是“健康社会的平衡点”。在中国远远没有达到这样的水平。据一项全国性调查显示，中国有15%的人需要心理教育，2%的人需心理咨询，即约有2.2亿人需要心理咨询师。但具有国家认证的咨询师数量不过10万，心理咨询的缺口依然很大。
Regarding this situation， Li said， counselors in China need to undergo a comprehensive system of training， examinations， and practices， but the practical part is still insufficient.
China has no counseling association or professional body equivalent of British Association for Counselling & Psychotherapy. The Chinese Association for Mental Health was founded in 1985， as a national body for mental health professionals and has several committees with responsibility for the development of counseling service. However the profession does not yet enjoy a stand-alone identity， since most organizations are state-owned. China’s community psychological counseling service centers receive most funds from the government， but the investment in community psychological service has to give way to the investment in infrastructure. China’s community psychological service centers are staffed by volunteers， social workers， and professional psychological counselors. 对于上述现象，李昂坦言：“中国的心理咨询师要经过培训，考试，实践的综合化体系，但是在实践这一块，还是相对比较薄弱。”
目前，中国没有等同于英国心理咨询和治疗协会的专业组织机构。1985年，中国成立了心理卫生协会，是国家一级专业协会，下设有很多委员会，共同来承担中国心理咨询服务的发展。但是，这样的心理咨询专业机构并不享有独立的身份识别，因为大多数的组织都是国家下属。中国的社区心理咨询服务中心的资金来源大多是国家政府的资助，但是对于社区心理服务的投资多数情况下还是让位于基础投资建设。当下，中国的社区心理服务中心是由志愿者，社工和专业心理技术顾问组成。
According to Li， the community psychological counseling service is generally popularized in big cities. Some communities are better than others； some are inferior in terms of publicity and availability. But there is no standard and professional management team. Public psychological organizations in some countries cooperate with communities， for example letting social workers know some knowledge about psychological health. Since social workers deal with residents’ problems directly， training would allow them to know what kind of problems are psychological problems so that they can refer the help-seekers to counselors. Besides， the community holds lectures about psychological health regularly. Only proactive advocating and guiding could ensure the sound development of China’s community psychological service centers.
据李昂介绍：“中国的社区心理咨询服务在大城市的普及率上没有问题，只是有的社区做的好一些，有的在宣传和利用率上差一些。但普遍都缺少规范和专业化的管理。一些国家的公立心理组织会与社区进行合作，比如培养社工一些心理健康知识。因为社工直接面对居民问题，对其进行培训会让他们知道什么样的问题是心理问题，然后推荐其到心理咨询室。另外，也会定期开展一些心理健康的讲座。只有通过积极的宣传引导，中国的心理社区服务才能有更好的发展。”
What Can We Learn from Foreign Community Psychological Services？
国外社区心理咨询服务借鉴
China’s psychological counseling theories and services started from learning from western theories. However， the theories and guidance based on western cultures could not fit the conditions in China because of the difference in cultural backgrounds. According to relevant literature， the psychology theories in the west are based on the values of the west， such as individualism and self- actualization. Yet Chinese culture is about collectivism， interactive relations， and utilitarianism. So the treatment in specific cases would be different.
The theories and practices of western psychological counseling have a history of over 100 years. The whole system is rather complete. In the U.S.， professional workers for psychological service need to take long-term clinical training and acquire certificates to be a clinic doctor of psychiatry， practical clinical psychologist， practical clinic counselor， or professional clinic social worker. The U.K. is the origin of Community Health Service. The community psychological service has already been included in social public service system. The U.K. government has invested a lot in community psychological counseling service， 40% of health fees are used for community service. It has yielded good results to ensure the regularity and sound development of community psychological service with government resources. 通过借鉴西方的理论方法，中国的心理咨询理论和服务得以起步。但是，基于西方文化的理论实践有时并不完全适应于中国的实际情况，这种差异性与两种不同的文化背景有关。据相关文献介绍，西方的心理学理论是基于西方的价值文化，比如自主性，个人和自我实现等等。而相比之下，中国的文化则是集体性，互动关系和功利性。因此在对待具体的个案操作上会有差别。
西方的心理咨询理论实践发展到现在已经走过了100多年的历程，整个体系已经相对完善。在美国，专业的社区心理服务人员需要经过长期的临床实践与训练以及资格认证后，方可成为临床精神科医师、执业临床心理学家、执业临床专业咨询师和职业临床社工等四类专业人员之一。英国是现代社区卫生服务的发源地，英国的社区心理咨询服务早已纳入社会的公共服务体系。英国对社区心理咨询服务的投资比例很大，40%的卫生经费用于社区服务。通过政府资源来保障社区心理服务的规范和良性发展取得了非常好的效果。
Besides， staffs in community counseling service centers in the UK need to go through strict training and exams to serve in the community. Professionalism is the guarantee of credibility. Not all staffs involved in community psychological service have psychology background. Some of them are sociology， medicine， and nursing majors. The combination of professionalism and diversity has given the development of psychological counseling service a systematic， normalized and diverse advantage.
As models of psychological counseling， the U.K. and the U.S. also went through various difficulties at the beginning. The development of the mature community service system took over 100 years.
另外，英国社区心理咨询服务中心的工作人员需要经过严格的训练与考核方可在社区开展服务。专业性是其可信度的保障。但是并非所有参与社区心理服务的人员都是心理学出身，其中还包括社会学、医学、护理学等其他学科的相关专业人员。这种多样化、专业的配合，为心理咨询服务的发展提供了体系化、规范化、多元化的服务背景。
英国和美国作为社区心理咨询服务行业的典范，在形成之初也经历了种种的困难，发展到成熟的社区服务体系也经过了100多年的时间。
Postscript：
后记：
The rapid development of Chinese economy has brought Chinese people material wealth. But young people cannot properly handle their confusion， tiredness， loneliness and sadness. While most people are pursuing “bread”， few would trade one piece of bread for a daffodil. China’s mass psychological health service is still at early stage， which has the shortcomings of irregularity and lacks experience.
中国经济的快速发展为社会带来了物质的丰富，但是在这样的时代里快速奔走的青年，还来不及消化其迷茫、疲劳、寂寞、悲伤，就已被淹没在快速奔涌的发展浪潮中。当所有人都在追逐更多的“面包”时，很少有人会将手里的面包换做一朵清新的“水仙花”。中国大众的心理健康服务才刚刚起步，不规范，缺乏实践经验等都要在时间的历练中完善。
So the government and individuals should give enough attention to the psychological and spiritual health of the youth， the main driving force for the development of modern society. The spiritual construction is an important driving force for the sound and health development of the nation.
只是在这样的时间里，国家以及个人都要给予精神健康和心理关怀以足够的重视。青年作为现代社会发展的主力军，他们的心灵建设将是一个国家能够良性健康发展的重要精神动力。
——The Prophet Muhammad
假如你有两块面包，请你用一块换一朵水仙花。
——穆罕默德
Sept. 10 of 2013 marks the tenth “World Suicide Prevention Day”
According to “China Youth Daily”， China has become one of the countries with the highest rate of suicides in the world. The average rate in the world is 1/10000， while in China the number’s 23/100000， 2.3 times as high as the international mean.
Over the past ten years， which has seen rapid economic development and transformation in China， China’s economy has risen to the second place in the world. However， the increase of social wealth also brought social problems. Was the development of China’s cultural civilization keeping up with the pace of material development in the past decade？
2013年9月10日，已是第十个“世界预防自杀日”。
据《中国青年报》报道称，目前，中国已经成为世界上自杀率最高的国家之一。国际平均自杀率为10万分之10，而中国自杀率为10万分之23，是国际平均值的2.3倍。
近十年来，恰恰也是中国经济急剧发展、快速转型的十年，中国一跃成为世界第二大经济体，物质的发展也带来了相应的社会问题。这十年来，中国的精神文明发展是否跟上了物质发展的步伐？
According to a survey released by Beijing Suicide Research and Prevention Center， suicide has become the fifth biggest cause of death in China， and the No. 1 cause of death of 15 to 34 year old people. Suicides of youths and psychological crisis have become a critical concern in public health.
据北京心理危机与干预中心近日公布的一项调查显示：自杀已成为中国人口第五位死因，但在青年群体（15至34岁人口）中，自杀则已经成为排名第一的死因。青年自杀与心理危机已经成为中国一个重要的公共卫生问题。
Where is a State of Peace and Clam？ Psychological Problems of the Youth in the Past Decade
心灵何处安放——过去十年中的青年心理问题
The suicide records of Chinese youth in recent years are shocking. A series of incidents like the jumping deaths in Foxconn， poisoning case at Fudan University and recent news of a group of young people talking about committing suicide together online reflect the psychological problems of Chinese youth which we can’t afford to ignore.
According to Li Ang， vice director of Beijing Youth Stress Management Service Center， in recent years， the number of young people seeking psychological counseling has been increasing. Their ages range varies from 20 to 35. A large part of their problems， i.e.， 70%， are related to interpersonal relations； future development accounts for about 20%； ranking the third is specific individual problems like losing spouses or divorce， accounting for 10%.
Li said， “Our younger generations are psychologically fragile. In a rapid developed society， many young people are anxious to achieve quick success and get instant benefits， and they want to realize their goals as soon as possible. Hence they become subjective and impatient. Once they encounter failure， they will be more likely to go to extremes.” 翻看近年来的中国青年自杀档案，让人触目惊心。从富士康员工的跳楼事件，到复旦校园投毒案，再到最近出现的青年网上相约集体自杀事件。这一系列事件背后，折射出的是不得不令人重视的中国青年群体心理问题。
据北京青年压力管理中心副主任李昂说，近年来求助心理咨询的青年数量比往年有所增加，大概年龄段在20岁到35岁之间，其中大多数心理问题集中在人际关系，占所咨询问题的70%；其次是青年自我以及未来发展，占20%；具体的指向型问题，比如丧偶、离婚等占到10%。
李昂副主任说：“现在的年轻一代是脆弱的一代，快速发展的社会使很多年轻人面对物欲横流的社会急功近利，想要尽快的实现自己的目标，在心态上会变得更主观、急躁。一旦遭遇失败，他们会变得更加偏激”。
With the rapid economic development in China， the material civilization has advanced by leaps and bounds. In the meantime， many people are starting to pay attention to spiritual civilization and human care in Chinese society. Many people feel that the atmosphere in Chinese society now is cold and aloof， with people pursuing nothing but profits. The values and worldviews of Chinese youth are shaped in such a background . All kinds of new social cultures are emerging， and people sometimes have no time to fully understand those cultures before absorbing them.
As to the above phenomenon， Li explained： “Chinese people are not aloof； they just don’t know how to express their care， especially young people today， who are in lack of education targeted at their emotional quotient. They don’t know how to communicate with the society and with others.
随着中国快速的经济发展，物质文明取得了飞跃的进步。与此同时，很多人开始关注中国社会的精神文明以及人文关怀。很多中国人普遍感到，现在的中国社会是一个人情冷漠、缺少他人意识、一味追求利益的社会。中国青年的价值观、世界观也在这样一个时代背景下形成，各种新鲜的社会文化不断涌现，有时来不及消化就得全盘接受。此外，吸收过快也带来了消化不良的问题。
李主任对此解释说：“中国人不是冷漠，而是不会去表达内心的关怀，尤其是当下的年轻人，缺少情商教育，不知道应该以怎样的方式与社会、与他人进行沟通。”
When a person is impetuous， he would always have trouble making effective communications， because he could think about nothing but his own goals.
Li also stressed the difference between psychological problems and psychological diseases. He said everyone could have psychological problems； there is a difference between psychological problem and psychological diseases. We could all feel worried and unhappy sometime in our life. But if those feelings evolve into psychological illness， the problem becomes serious. In such cases， one could suffer illnesses like compulsion， obsession， anxiety and depression.
Early-stage psychological problems which are not serious at all should be dealt with in a timely manner.
在急躁的心理状况下，很多青年往往会选择最直接的方式，从而产生一些沟通上的问题。
当然，李昂也强调了心理问题和心理疾病的区别。他说，心理问题每个人都会有，从“心理不适”到心理疾病有个过渡过程。正常人都会有烦恼或不开心，但当心理不适发展到心理疾病时，问题就变得严重了，就会出现如强迫症、恐惧症、焦虑症、抑郁症等疾病。
对于浅层次、初期的心理问题应该及时的予以疏导。
What Should We Do If
We Feel Distress ？
精神“感冒”了怎么办
Li said， “Although psychological counseling is common in the society， most people rely on social supports to banish negative moods， for example， talking to friends， parents and people they trust. Compared with other groups， young people living alone and far away from their hometowns are prone to psychological problems. That is because it’s hard for them to find upport in new city. They easily feel lonely and are under all kinds of pressures. If they can’t find a way to release emotions， they would be more likely to have psychological problems.
Looking back at the tragedies caused by psychological problems among Chinese youth， you will find that the main reason is that the victims can hardly find a way to deal with their moods. In some other countries， young people with psychological problems would resort to professional counseling. For example in the U.K. and the U.S. where psychological counseling came into being at an early time， community service including professional psychological counseling has become the main channel for young people to resolve their psychological problems. Psychological counseling in China started relatively late. The western psychology was not introduced to China until 1980s. After that ， psychological counseling services started to take root in China， but mostly concentrated in hospitals and schools. Psychological counseling centers， mental clinics and community psychological health counseling service centers only emerged in recent years.
李昂副主任说：“尽管现在社会出现了很多的心理咨询服务，但大部分青年主要情绪疏导方式还是依赖于人际支持”。这其中包括向朋友、父母，以及其他可信赖的人的诉说。
相较于其他青年群体，独身一人在外拼搏的青年人更容易成为心理服务的对象。因为他们在陌生的城市，身边缺少人际支持，往往容易孤独，同时也承担着来自方方面面的压力，如果情绪不能得到有效的舒缓，就更容易堆积成心理问题。
回顾近几年来中国青年群体的心理事件，都是没有找到合理的情绪疏导方式，使得不良的心理状况不断蔓延，最后演化成一幕幕悲剧。而国外的青年在遇到心理问题时，大多会求助于心理咨询。比如心理咨询起步较早的英国、美国，发达的社区服务涵盖了专业的心理咨询，成为青年主要的情绪疏导方式。中国的心理咨询服务起步较晚，西方的心理学是在80年代才引入中国。从那时起，心理咨询服务在中国生根，但大多集中在医院和学校，近年来才涌现了较多的心理咨询室、心理诊所、社区心理健康咨询服务等。
Thanks to the internet， TV and other media tools， psychological counseling is no longer a strange word to Chinese people. Li said， “This is a good trend. If all psychological counseling is affiliated to hospitals， the future development of psychological counseling would be limited. The experience of other countries shows that the segmentation of medical treatment is the future trend. It is a waste of resources if all medical resources are centralized in public hospitals.
Advertisement and the popularity of psychological counseling centers have raised people’s awareness of psychological problems； more and more people are seeking professional help in counseling places. Because it has not been long since psychological counseling first appeared in China， people still need time to accept it. 随着网络、电视等媒介的宣传普及，心理咨询这个在中国还比较陌生的字眼开始走入人们的生活。对于心理咨询服务逐年增加的趋势，李昂表示：“这是一种好的趋势，因为如果所有的心理咨询都依托于医院，对心理咨询服务的未来发展不利。从国外的经验来看，医疗细分是发展趋势，如果所有的医疗资源集中在公立医院，也是一种资源浪费。”
宣传和心理咨询服务的增加提高了人们对心理问题的重视，越来越多的人开始走进心理咨询室，接受专业的服务。但是，由于心理咨询在中国开展的时间并不长，因此人们对它的接受度还需要更长时间的考验。
Why are There Few People Seeking Psychological Counseling？
心理咨询为何依旧门可罗雀
Although there are more and more young people with potential need for psychological counseling， only a small part of them will go to qualified institutions for psychological advice. The psychological counseling service centers are mostly located in Beijing， Shanghai， Guangzhou and other big cities. Although there are all kinds of psychological counseling institutions like those in universities， private clinics， community hospitals， public hospitals， etc.， there are scarce professional and independent psychological counseling institutions. In small and medium-sized cities and vast rural areas， psychological counseling is still something new.
虽然有潜在心理咨询需求的年轻人越来越多，但是真正走入正规心理咨询机构疏导的人却很少。中国的心理咨询目前集中在北京，上海，广州等大城市，虽然出现了各种各样的心理咨询机构，比如高校、私人诊所、社区医院、公立医院等等，但专业独立的心理咨询还是处于稀缺状态，在中小城市和广大农村地区，心理咨询依然是非常新兴的事物。
Xiao Zhang， who just got his first job after graduation， said， “I considered about professional counseling， but since I don’t know much about the field， I am not sure whether my case is a psychological disease， and at last I didn’t give it a try.
A community psychologist in Beijing said， “Although people’s recognition and awareness of psychological counseling has increased， psychological problem is still something very personal. While most community psychological counseling centers are located openly， the privacy of the clients could not be protected. As for private psychological counseling， the high charge is also an important factor keeping young people from going to counselors.”
“Is it worthy to pay so much money for just chatting？ How can I trust them？”The high charge is also a reason why psychological counseling is not popular.
初入职场的青年小张说：“我也想过咨询正规心理机构，但是出于对这一行业不了解，也不确定自己这种情况算不算是心理疾病，最终还是选择了放弃。”
另据一位北京的社区心理医生表述：“虽然人们对于心理咨询的认可和意识有所提高，但是毕竟其本身有很强的私密性，大多数社区的心理咨询都是在公开的场合开展，不能很好地保护咨询者的隐私，这也成为大多数年轻人不愿意走进心理咨询室的一个原因。另外，对于私立的心理咨询，收费过高也成为阻碍年轻人选择心理咨询的又一个重要原因。
“只是聊聊天，还要花这些钱，到底值不值得，我到底如何相信？”一些青年认为心理咨询收费有点贵，也是导致心理咨询室遇冷的重要原因。
For ordinary families， counseling fees are a little too high. The charges of community psychological counseling are usually cheaper than that of hospitals. According to Li Ang， some public psychological institutions cooperate with communities to provide free counseling and regular mental health services. Apart from cooperation with communities， those institutions also provide professional assistance at colleges. Counseling centers are common in colleges， but most counselors there are staffers of the school whose professional capability cannot meet the needs. Therefore professional counseling institutions could make up for the shortcomings of counseling centers in universities. “心理咨询对于一般家庭来说，确实仍属‘高档消费’。但社区心理咨询室的收费，相比医院而言相对便宜很多。”据李昂所说，一些公立的国家心理机构会与社区进行合作，进行一些免费的心理咨询服务，也会定期开展公益的心理健康服务。除了与社区进行合作，这些机构还会走进高校，为大学生提供专业的心理辅导。在高校，普遍都有心理咨询室，但大多是由高校工作人员兼职充当咨询师的角色，专业度上并不能满足需求。因此专业咨询走进高校弥补了高校心理咨询专业上的不足。
Current State of China’s Community Psychological Counseling Service
中国社区心理咨询的现状
Although China’s psychological counseling service has made rapid progress in recent years， community mental health service targeting psychological problems of common people is still weak. According to relevant literature and surveys， the current community mental health service is mainly targeted at the prevention of mental illnesses， instead of meeting the needs of most residents concerning mental health， for example， to resolve stress， psychological crisis， and interpersonal conflicts. Li said， “Counseling is not for mental illness. Community counseling centers should do more in terms of publicity and counseling， namely early stage prevention and discretion of pressure， concerns， and interpersonal problems. If a client has serious mental illnesses， out of professional morality， counselors should refer the client to a hospital.”
According to World Health Organization， there should be at least one psychologist for every thousand people in a healthy society. China is not even close to that level. According to a national survey， 15% of people in China need psychological education， 2% need counseling， which means 220 million people need psychological counselor. However the number of counselors with certifications approved by the government is no more than 100，000， there is still a big gap in counseling service.
虽然中国的心理咨询服务近年来取得了较快的发展，但是针对普通人群心理卫生问题的社区心理健康服务仍然是一个薄弱环节。据文献调查显示，目前社区精神卫生工作大多是针对精神疾病的防治，而对于广大居民的心理健康需求，如心理压力问题，心理危机，人际矛盾等则涉及不多。对此，李昂表示：“心理咨询与心理疾病不同，社区心理咨询室更多时候应该承担的是宣传和心理咨询的工作，也就是前期的预防和鉴别。比如一开始出现的心理压力，烦恼，人际关系问题等。如果是特别严重的精神疾病，根据咨询师的职业操守，应该建议其去医院就诊服药。”
按照国际卫生组织的说法：每千人拥有一个心理咨询师是“健康社会的平衡点”。在中国远远没有达到这样的水平。据一项全国性调查显示，中国有15%的人需要心理教育，2%的人需心理咨询，即约有2.2亿人需要心理咨询师。但具有国家认证的咨询师数量不过10万，心理咨询的缺口依然很大。
Regarding this situation， Li said， counselors in China need to undergo a comprehensive system of training， examinations， and practices， but the practical part is still insufficient.
China has no counseling association or professional body equivalent of British Association for Counselling & Psychotherapy. The Chinese Association for Mental Health was founded in 1985， as a national body for mental health professionals and has several committees with responsibility for the development of counseling service. However the profession does not yet enjoy a stand-alone identity， since most organizations are state-owned. China’s community psychological counseling service centers receive most funds from the government， but the investment in community psychological service has to give way to the investment in infrastructure. China’s community psychological service centers are staffed by volunteers， social workers， and professional psychological counselors. 对于上述现象，李昂坦言：“中国的心理咨询师要经过培训，考试，实践的综合化体系，但是在实践这一块，还是相对比较薄弱。”
目前，中国没有等同于英国心理咨询和治疗协会的专业组织机构。1985年，中国成立了心理卫生协会，是国家一级专业协会，下设有很多委员会，共同来承担中国心理咨询服务的发展。但是，这样的心理咨询专业机构并不享有独立的身份识别，因为大多数的组织都是国家下属。中国的社区心理咨询服务中心的资金来源大多是国家政府的资助，但是对于社区心理服务的投资多数情况下还是让位于基础投资建设。当下，中国的社区心理服务中心是由志愿者，社工和专业心理技术顾问组成。
According to Li， the community psychological counseling service is generally popularized in big cities. Some communities are better than others； some are inferior in terms of publicity and availability. But there is no standard and professional management team. Public psychological organizations in some countries cooperate with communities， for example letting social workers know some knowledge about psychological health. Since social workers deal with residents’ problems directly， training would allow them to know what kind of problems are psychological problems so that they can refer the help-seekers to counselors. Besides， the community holds lectures about psychological health regularly. Only proactive advocating and guiding could ensure the sound development of China’s community psychological service centers.
据李昂介绍：“中国的社区心理咨询服务在大城市的普及率上没有问题，只是有的社区做的好一些，有的在宣传和利用率上差一些。但普遍都缺少规范和专业化的管理。一些国家的公立心理组织会与社区进行合作，比如培养社工一些心理健康知识。因为社工直接面对居民问题，对其进行培训会让他们知道什么样的问题是心理问题，然后推荐其到心理咨询室。另外，也会定期开展一些心理健康的讲座。只有通过积极的宣传引导，中国的心理社区服务才能有更好的发展。”
What Can We Learn from Foreign Community Psychological Services？
国外社区心理咨询服务借鉴
China’s psychological counseling theories and services started from learning from western theories. However， the theories and guidance based on western cultures could not fit the conditions in China because of the difference in cultural backgrounds. According to relevant literature， the psychology theories in the west are based on the values of the west， such as individualism and self- actualization. Yet Chinese culture is about collectivism， interactive relations， and utilitarianism. So the treatment in specific cases would be different.
The theories and practices of western psychological counseling have a history of over 100 years. The whole system is rather complete. In the U.S.， professional workers for psychological service need to take long-term clinical training and acquire certificates to be a clinic doctor of psychiatry， practical clinical psychologist， practical clinic counselor， or professional clinic social worker. The U.K. is the origin of Community Health Service. The community psychological service has already been included in social public service system. The U.K. government has invested a lot in community psychological counseling service， 40% of health fees are used for community service. It has yielded good results to ensure the regularity and sound development of community psychological service with government resources. 通过借鉴西方的理论方法，中国的心理咨询理论和服务得以起步。但是，基于西方文化的理论实践有时并不完全适应于中国的实际情况，这种差异性与两种不同的文化背景有关。据相关文献介绍，西方的心理学理论是基于西方的价值文化，比如自主性，个人和自我实现等等。而相比之下，中国的文化则是集体性，互动关系和功利性。因此在对待具体的个案操作上会有差别。
西方的心理咨询理论实践发展到现在已经走过了100多年的历程，整个体系已经相对完善。在美国，专业的社区心理服务人员需要经过长期的临床实践与训练以及资格认证后，方可成为临床精神科医师、执业临床心理学家、执业临床专业咨询师和职业临床社工等四类专业人员之一。英国是现代社区卫生服务的发源地，英国的社区心理咨询服务早已纳入社会的公共服务体系。英国对社区心理咨询服务的投资比例很大，40%的卫生经费用于社区服务。通过政府资源来保障社区心理服务的规范和良性发展取得了非常好的效果。
Besides， staffs in community counseling service centers in the UK need to go through strict training and exams to serve in the community. Professionalism is the guarantee of credibility. Not all staffs involved in community psychological service have psychology background. Some of them are sociology， medicine， and nursing majors. The combination of professionalism and diversity has given the development of psychological counseling service a systematic， normalized and diverse advantage.
As models of psychological counseling， the U.K. and the U.S. also went through various difficulties at the beginning. The development of the mature community service system took over 100 years.
另外，英国社区心理咨询服务中心的工作人员需要经过严格的训练与考核方可在社区开展服务。专业性是其可信度的保障。但是并非所有参与社区心理服务的人员都是心理学出身，其中还包括社会学、医学、护理学等其他学科的相关专业人员。这种多样化、专业的配合，为心理咨询服务的发展提供了体系化、规范化、多元化的服务背景。
英国和美国作为社区心理咨询服务行业的典范，在形成之初也经历了种种的困难，发展到成熟的社区服务体系也经过了100多年的时间。
Postscript：
后记：
The rapid development of Chinese economy has brought Chinese people material wealth. But young people cannot properly handle their confusion， tiredness， loneliness and sadness. While most people are pursuing “bread”， few would trade one piece of bread for a daffodil. China’s mass psychological health service is still at early stage， which has the shortcomings of irregularity and lacks experience.
中国经济的快速发展为社会带来了物质的丰富，但是在这样的时代里快速奔走的青年，还来不及消化其迷茫、疲劳、寂寞、悲伤，就已被淹没在快速奔涌的发展浪潮中。当所有人都在追逐更多的“面包”时，很少有人会将手里的面包换做一朵清新的“水仙花”。中国大众的心理健康服务才刚刚起步，不规范，缺乏实践经验等都要在时间的历练中完善。
So the government and individuals should give enough attention to the psychological and spiritual health of the youth， the main driving force for the development of modern society. The spiritual construction is an important driving force for the sound and health development of the nation.
只是在这样的时间里，国家以及个人都要给予精神健康和心理关怀以足够的重视。青年作为现代社会发展的主力军，他们的心灵建设将是一个国家能够良性健康发展的重要精神动力。