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Background and Objectives Macrophage migration inhibitory factor(MIF),a pleiotropic cytokine plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation(AF).But the upstream regulation of MIF in atrium myocytes remains unclear.In the present study,we investigated whether and how MIF is regulated in response to the renin-angiotensin system(RAS)and oxidative stress in HL-1 cells.