Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.Moench), a leading cereal crop, has the important role as staple food, animal feed, construction material, and fuels in developed and developing countries.Recently, the new use of sorghum as renewable feedstocks for biofuels has been promoting more global interest in sorghum.All of these are creating a growing demand for the production and the quality of sorghum, which depends totally on improved or new cultivars/hybrids.Today, we face a new challenge in the crop production because the rate of crop improvement through the conventional process is not able to accommodate the rate of demand increase.However, the recent advances in crop molecular genetics and emerging genomics technologies have substantially expanded our ability to analyze and understand the sorghum genome and to reduce the gap existing between genotype and phenotype.Moreover, the recent completion of whole genome sequencing of sorghum opened the doors for more efficient gene discovery and offers us the opportunities to translate the genome information into improvement of crop through various breeding strategies.This paper reviews the advances of our knowledge and these newly-developing technologies, such as development and utilization of the genomic resources for gene discovery, plant genotyping and QTL (quantitative trait loci) identification, development of DNA markers and marker-assisted selection, gene expression profiling and dissecting the network of gene regulation, and plant functional genomics.Finally, the paper will demonstrate the use of new tools in sorghum breeding to allow more precise, more quickly manipulated, more easily measured, and more beneficial traits to be added to sorghum crops around the world.