Systematic status and sound-producing mechanism of the mute cicadas Karenia spp.(Hemiptera: Cicadida

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Higher classifications of Cicadoidea have been traditionally based on structures associated with the production of sound and related morphological structures: timbals, timbal covers,tympana, and wing and genital stridulation mechanisms (Duffels 1993; Moulds 2005).Wing-clapping is another special way of communication in cicadas in addition to the timbal-related mechanism and stridulatory sound-producing mechanisms.Several genera of Cicadidae lack timbals and as such were placed in the Platypediidae by Boulard (1973), among which was the genus Karenia Distant, 1906.However, this family was abandoned later by Boulard (1988) due to the lack of monophyly.Duffels (1993) agreed with Boulard (1988) in abandoning the Platypediidae, since the different genera probably lost their timbal organs independently.
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