在经济学中,我们经常会思考某一个市场是否具有“经济效率”(Economic efficiency:即消费者剩余与生产者剩余的最大化)。如果把达到“经济效率”作为唯一目标,那么最好的方法是让竞争市场自由运行;而在现实世界中,由于种种原因,“市场失灵”(Market failure:在某些情况下,因为 In economics, we often think about whether a particular market has “economic efficiency” (ie, consumer surplus and maximum producer surplus). If the only goal is to achieve “economic efficiency,” then the best way to do this is to allow the competitive market to operate freely. In the real world, for various reasons, “market failure” (in some cases, because