Background:Patients on long-term dialysis have a significantly increased risk of mortality.The relationships between sex and outcomes in dialysis patients were contradictory among different reports.The explanation of the disparity of the existing studies andthe associations between sex and outcomes in chinese PD patients remain unknown.Methods: The study included all incident patients receiving PD at The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University in china between January 1,2005 and July 31,2014 with full data collection.Patient characteristics,mortality and peritonitis rate were studied by sex.Statistical method used in the present study included Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and multivariate Cox regression model analysis.Result: Among 1280 patientsenrolled in this study,females were associated with significantly higher all-cause(Model 3;HR,1.51,95%CI,1.05 to 2.19,P =0.028)and cardiovascular mortality(Model 3;HR,1.92,95%CI,1.10 to 3.32,P =0.021).The peritonitis rate was significantly higher in male patients compared with women(0.2 episode per patient-year versus 0.15 episode per patient-year,P =0.024).Men were more frequently experienced the first-episode peritonitis in the first 6 months(91 in male group versus 39 in female group,P =0.006)and had significantly lower peritonitis-free survival.Conclusion:Female PD patients were associated with higher risks of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality but lower incidence of peritonitis than men.Sex differences should be considered a factor when treating patients on peritoneal dialysis and Sex-specific care is necessary.