This article aims at critically evaluating the theory and scope of cross-cultural industrial and organizational (I/O) research,emphasizing its past and its future.In the theory section,the author discusses the ways sociocultural context influences organizational phenomena.Also discussed are issues such as the level of theory,assumption of linearity,unilateral effect of culture on organizations,conceptualization of culture,and a theoretical nature of research.In the second section,three areas of research,which are underrepresented in cross-cultural I/O literature,are discussed: staffing,performance management,and employee health and safety.