质子交换膜燃料电池热管理控制策略研究

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能源是社会进步和生活改善的必要保障。二十一世纪以来,世界经济迅猛发展,机动车保有量快速增加,而传统化石燃料有限和环境污染严重等问题日益凸显。各国迫切需要寻找一种高效节能的低污染可再生能源。氢能因其热值大、来源广、污染低等优点受到重视。氢燃料电池作为解决石油危机和环境问题的绿色能源一直以来备受关注,质子交换膜氢燃料电池汽车得到大力发展。车用质子交换膜燃料电池输出性能受到各种因素影响,其中电堆温度最为关键。温度低,活化损耗增加,传输效率低,性能下降;温度过高则会发生质子膜脱水干裂,产生气孔发生气体互窜等危险。本文在综合分析氢燃料电池汽车和质子交换膜燃料电池工作原理基础上,基于AMESim建立了质子交换膜燃料电池一维系统模型,通过NEDC工况测试验证了仿真模型的合理性和有效性。然后根据热量分析,搭建出冷却系统模型并联合燃料电池功能模型进行仿真。数据分析表明,传统冷却系统对质子交换膜燃料电池的冷却效果具有散热响应迟缓、冷却温度收敛不佳等主要弊端。针对此类问题本文提出了冷却系统优化设计方案和热管理控制策略,并结合燃料电池模型验证了其优化效果。经验证,冷却系统散热器风扇触发器设置一个提前工作阈值,可以降低冷却系统滞后性,控制燃料电池电堆入口冷却液温度。同时在电堆入口处增设温度传感器并设计PID运算,通过实时调节水泵转速改变循环管路中冷却液流速,从而调控电堆出入口温差。优化设计后的冷却系统可以保证燃料电池始终在合适的温度范围内工作,电堆温度快速收敛于目标温度70℃,没有大幅度温度振荡。同时质子交换膜燃料电池工作效率提升2%左右,电池输出性能和工作稳定性显著提高。
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