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Jinan,the provincial capital of Shandong,is a rapidly urbanizing metropolis that provides a unique site for urban ecology research.Even though urbanization has a devastating effect on butterfly populations,no reports regarding butterfly species richness,abundance,or distribution have been reported in Jinan.Butterflies are regarded as “flagships” in insect conservation of the known world insect fauna.They are sensitive environmental indicators to urbanization,deforestation,fragmentation,and agricultural practices.Butterflies are exposed to light levels,have a short generation period,high mobility,and specialized habitat needs.As a result,it is essential to document the butterfly species richness,abundance,distribution patterns,and variables that influence them.In the current study（N=23）,sites including 11 urban parks,6 agricultural lands and 6 forestlands were selected for two consecutive years（2020-2021）for the first butterfly survey in Jinan.A total of 2586 butterflies were examined from three different habitats,i.e.,urban parks,agricultural and forestland,representing 50 species in 38 genera and 5 families,including three newly recorded species,i.e.,Graphium chironides,Mimathyma schrenckii,and Libythea celtis,for Shandong province.Nymphalidae was the most abundant（42%）,followed by Lycaenidae（22%）,Papilionidae（20%）,Pieridae（10%）,and Hesperiidae（6%）.Pieris rapae was the most common species.In contrast,Apatura ilia,Erynnis montana,Graphium chironides,Kaniska canace,Libythea celtis,Melitaea didymoides,Mimathyma schrenckii,Papilio macilentus,Vanessa indica,and Vanessa cardui has only one observed records.Pieris was the most common genus.In contrast,Apatura,Erynnis,Graphium,Kaniska,Libythea,Melitaea,and Mimathyma,being the minor genera,has only one number of observed records.Forestland had the most abundant butterflies（1137）,followed by agricultural land（894）,and urban parks were the least（577）.In forestland,45 species were observed,followed by agricultural land,i.e.,28 species,and urban parks,i.e.,25 species.Among 50 species,19 were present in all three habitats,while 18 were only present in forestland and were missing in agricultural land and urban parks.Only two species,i.e.,Papilio polytes and Byasa alcinous were present in agricultural land but missing in the forestland and urban parks.Only one species,i.e.,Vanessa indica,was present in urban parks,missing in agricultural and forestland.Correlations between species richness and abundance with different variables（park area,urban gradient,i.e.,distance to city center,and altitude）of collection sites were examined.Significant positive correlations were detected between the species richness and abundance along the urban gradient in urban parks,agricultural,and forestland.A significant positive correlation between species richness and abundance with altitude was found in urban parks and forestland.In contrast,a negative correlation was found between species richness and abundance with altitude in agricultural land.No significant correlation between butterfly species richness and abundance within the area of urban parks was detected.Furthermore,along the urban and altitudinal gradient,a strong positive correlation existed between species richness and abundance collectively in all surveyed sites.Along the urban gradient,a strong negative correlation was found in the wing size（FW,HL,HW,FA,and HA）of Pieris rapae.In contrast,the wing size（FL,FW,HL,HW,FA,and HA）of P.canidia,Papilio xuthus,and Polygonia C-aureum,showed neither positive nor negative correlation along the urban gradient.This study highlights the effects of the urban park area,urbanization,and altitudinal gradient on butterflies composition,conservation,and morphological variation.Our research is the first to document butterfly species richness and abundance in Jinan urban parks,agricultural and forestland,which serves as a baseline for future studies and conservation efforts.