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2009年高考英语试题 (安徽卷) 单项选择题第27题如下:
A good friend of mine fromI was born showed up at my home right before I left Beijing.
A. how B. whom
C. when D. which
本题考查从句和连接词用法。很多考生选whom,误认为是介词from whom,构成定语从句修饰先行词a good friend of mine,但主语是人与be born from讲不通,其实,from后面的句子是when引导的名词性从句,在从句中作时间状语,C正确。句意为:我一个从小玩到大的好朋友,就在我准备去北京时来到我家。
高考中,考生会经常遇到when引导的各种从句,现就when用作不同词类,引导不同从句或连接分句的用法归纳如下:
一、作疑问代词或疑问副词
when作疑问副词时,①作介词的宾语,构成“介词 when 一般疑问句”语序的特殊疑问句;②构成“疑问副词 一般疑问句”语序的特殊疑问句,when在特殊疑问句中作状语。例如:Until when will you stay in Hong Kong? 你在香港呆到什么时候? (疑问代词)
Since when have you known her? 你从什么时候起认识她的? (疑问代词)
When did the train arrive? 火车什么时候到的? (疑问副词)
When will you set sail for Japan? 你什么时候启航去日本? (疑问副词)
二、作从属连词引导时间状语从句或名词性从句
1.作从属连词引导时间状语从句
when作从属连词引导状语从句,意为“当……时候”。例如:How disappointed she will be when she hears the bad news! 当她听到这个坏消息时,她是多么的失望啊!
Mother was cooking when I arrived home. 我到家时,妈妈正在做饭。
注意:在这一用法中,when从句部分常常用一般现在时替代一般将来时,用一般过去时替代过去将来时,当谈到过去不同时间发生的两件事情时,若从句的动作明显发生在主句的动作之前,when引导的时间状语从句用过去完成时,主句用一般过去时。例如:When I had finished all my homework, I watched TV for a while. 我把所有的作业做完后,看了会电视。
When I had taken a bath, I went to bed. 洗了澡后,我上床睡觉了。
2.作从属连词引导名词性从句
when作从属连词引导名词性从句,在从句中作时间状语,意为“什么时候”。在名词性从句中,谓语动词可以用所需要的时态,没有用一般现在时代替一般将来时的规定,但要用陈述语气。例如:When the bridge will be completed is still unknown. 大桥什么时候竣工还不知道。(主语从句)
I wonder when you will come to see me. 我不知道你什么时候来看我。(宾语从句)
The problem is when the injured can recover and go out of hospital. 问题是不知道伤者什么时候能康复出院。(表语从句)
I have no idea when she will be back. 不知道她什么时候能回来。(同位语从句)
三、作并列连词连接并列分句
当没有先行词时,when可当连词用,相当于at or during which, 意为“届时;在那时”。例如:The mayor of the city will visit our school in April, when he will give us an inspiring speech. 市长将于四月访问我校,届时他将给我们做鼓舞人心的演讲。
We’ll go to the country at the beginning of June, when the summer harvest will start. 我们六月初去乡下,那时夏收开始了。
有时when 作并列连词时,意为“然后;既然;尽管”。例如:I shall be on vacation till the
end of September when I return to London. 我将休假到九月底,之后返回伦敦。(Alexander, 1991)
Why do you want a new job when you’ve got such a good one already? 既然已有这么好的工作,为何还要找新工作? (Longman, 1987)
They kept trying when they must have known it was hopeless. 他们不断努力,尽管肯定知道是没希望的。(同上)
另外,when作并列连词时还表示“就在那时,正在这个时候”,常常用于以下两种句型:
(1) was / were doing when从句,表示正在进行某个动作的时刻又发生了另一件事,含有“突然;出乎意料”的意思。主句用过去进行时,从句用一般过去时。例如:I was walking along the riverside when (suddenly) I heard someone calling for help. 我正在河边散步,就在这时突然听到呼救声。
(2) was / were about to do when从句,表示即将做某事时又发生了一件事。主句用过去将来时,从句用一般过去时。例如:I was about to go to bed when someone knocked at the door. 我刚要上床睡觉,这时突然有人敲门。
四、作关系副词引导定语从句
通常when作关系副词引导限制性或非限制性定语从句,放在表示时间的名词之后,既代替先行词又连接主从句,在从句中作时间状语。例如:There was a time when I hated to go to school. 有一段时间我讨厌上学。
Next week, when I will go to visit my grandfather in Shanghai, is coming. 下个星期即将到来,那时我将去上海看望我外公。
一般情况下,when可以用in / on which 来替代,其中,which代替表示时间的名词,而when代替作状语的介词短语。例如:I will never forget the day when (=on which) I joined the Party. 我永远忘不了我入党的那一天。
有时,尽管先行词是表示时间的名词,但在某些句型和某些时间状语从句中不用when。(张道真,1984) 例如:Come any time you like. 你什么时候来都行。
From the moment they set foot on the territory of their homeland, they were warmly received by their compatriots.从踏上祖国土地的那一刻起,他们就受到了同胞们的热情接待。
另外,在某些句型中,虽然先行词不是表示时间的名词,when引导的从句仍被认为是定语从句 (同上)。例如:These were photos of Xiao Zhang when he was a child. 这些是小张小时候的照片。
此外,尽管先行词是表示时间的名词,但关系词在从句中作主语或宾语时,就不能用when,而要用that或which来引导定语从句。例如:The summer holiday, which I will spend in Beijing, is coming soon. 暑假马上就要来了,届时我将在北京度过。
spend为及物动词,that / which代替先行词 the summer holiday,作spend的宾语。判断用that / which还是when,主要看定语从句中的谓语是及物动词还是不及物动词;若谓语动词是及物动词,则用that / which引导定语从句,that / which作动词的宾语;若谓语动词是不及物动词,则用when引导定语从句,when在从句中作时间状语。
五、作关系代词引导定语从句
when作关系代词引导定语从句,词义为“那时”。看一道高考试题Jane is back in May, bythe new house should be finished. (2008延考区)
A. which B. that
C. whomD. when
空白处需填关系代词作介词by的宾语,那么which和when皆为关系词,都引导定语从句,两者有何区别呢?
which代替先行词May, by which表示“到五月为止”,全句意为“简五月份回来,截止五月底新房子应该完工”。when引导定语从句,其先行词不是May, 而是前面的整个句子,强调的是“回来这一时间”,全句意为:简五月份回来,届时新房子应该完工。因此,选择答案D更为合理。又如:We returned on Thursday, since when we have been helping on my father’s farm. 我们星期四回来的,从那时起就一直在父亲的农场上帮忙。
另外,通常用during which time, by which time,这其中的which不能改成when。例如:
He stayed in Japan for three years, during which time he made a lot of friends. 他在日本呆了三年,这期间交了很多朋友。
(作者:王祥国,江苏省平潮高级中学)
A good friend of mine fromI was born showed up at my home right before I left Beijing.
A. how B. whom
C. when D. which
本题考查从句和连接词用法。很多考生选whom,误认为是介词from whom,构成定语从句修饰先行词a good friend of mine,但主语是人与be born from讲不通,其实,from后面的句子是when引导的名词性从句,在从句中作时间状语,C正确。句意为:我一个从小玩到大的好朋友,就在我准备去北京时来到我家。
高考中,考生会经常遇到when引导的各种从句,现就when用作不同词类,引导不同从句或连接分句的用法归纳如下:
一、作疑问代词或疑问副词
when作疑问副词时,①作介词的宾语,构成“介词 when 一般疑问句”语序的特殊疑问句;②构成“疑问副词 一般疑问句”语序的特殊疑问句,when在特殊疑问句中作状语。例如:Until when will you stay in Hong Kong? 你在香港呆到什么时候? (疑问代词)
Since when have you known her? 你从什么时候起认识她的? (疑问代词)
When did the train arrive? 火车什么时候到的? (疑问副词)
When will you set sail for Japan? 你什么时候启航去日本? (疑问副词)
二、作从属连词引导时间状语从句或名词性从句
1.作从属连词引导时间状语从句
when作从属连词引导状语从句,意为“当……时候”。例如:How disappointed she will be when she hears the bad news! 当她听到这个坏消息时,她是多么的失望啊!
Mother was cooking when I arrived home. 我到家时,妈妈正在做饭。
注意:在这一用法中,when从句部分常常用一般现在时替代一般将来时,用一般过去时替代过去将来时,当谈到过去不同时间发生的两件事情时,若从句的动作明显发生在主句的动作之前,when引导的时间状语从句用过去完成时,主句用一般过去时。例如:When I had finished all my homework, I watched TV for a while. 我把所有的作业做完后,看了会电视。
When I had taken a bath, I went to bed. 洗了澡后,我上床睡觉了。
2.作从属连词引导名词性从句
when作从属连词引导名词性从句,在从句中作时间状语,意为“什么时候”。在名词性从句中,谓语动词可以用所需要的时态,没有用一般现在时代替一般将来时的规定,但要用陈述语气。例如:When the bridge will be completed is still unknown. 大桥什么时候竣工还不知道。(主语从句)
I wonder when you will come to see me. 我不知道你什么时候来看我。(宾语从句)
The problem is when the injured can recover and go out of hospital. 问题是不知道伤者什么时候能康复出院。(表语从句)
I have no idea when she will be back. 不知道她什么时候能回来。(同位语从句)
三、作并列连词连接并列分句
当没有先行词时,when可当连词用,相当于at or during which, 意为“届时;在那时”。例如:The mayor of the city will visit our school in April, when he will give us an inspiring speech. 市长将于四月访问我校,届时他将给我们做鼓舞人心的演讲。
We’ll go to the country at the beginning of June, when the summer harvest will start. 我们六月初去乡下,那时夏收开始了。
有时when 作并列连词时,意为“然后;既然;尽管”。例如:I shall be on vacation till the
end of September when I return to London. 我将休假到九月底,之后返回伦敦。(Alexander, 1991)
Why do you want a new job when you’ve got such a good one already? 既然已有这么好的工作,为何还要找新工作? (Longman, 1987)
They kept trying when they must have known it was hopeless. 他们不断努力,尽管肯定知道是没希望的。(同上)
另外,when作并列连词时还表示“就在那时,正在这个时候”,常常用于以下两种句型:
(1) was / were doing when从句,表示正在进行某个动作的时刻又发生了另一件事,含有“突然;出乎意料”的意思。主句用过去进行时,从句用一般过去时。例如:I was walking along the riverside when (suddenly) I heard someone calling for help. 我正在河边散步,就在这时突然听到呼救声。
(2) was / were about to do when从句,表示即将做某事时又发生了一件事。主句用过去将来时,从句用一般过去时。例如:I was about to go to bed when someone knocked at the door. 我刚要上床睡觉,这时突然有人敲门。
四、作关系副词引导定语从句
通常when作关系副词引导限制性或非限制性定语从句,放在表示时间的名词之后,既代替先行词又连接主从句,在从句中作时间状语。例如:There was a time when I hated to go to school. 有一段时间我讨厌上学。
Next week, when I will go to visit my grandfather in Shanghai, is coming. 下个星期即将到来,那时我将去上海看望我外公。
一般情况下,when可以用in / on which 来替代,其中,which代替表示时间的名词,而when代替作状语的介词短语。例如:I will never forget the day when (=on which) I joined the Party. 我永远忘不了我入党的那一天。
有时,尽管先行词是表示时间的名词,但在某些句型和某些时间状语从句中不用when。(张道真,1984) 例如:Come any time you like. 你什么时候来都行。
From the moment they set foot on the territory of their homeland, they were warmly received by their compatriots.从踏上祖国土地的那一刻起,他们就受到了同胞们的热情接待。
另外,在某些句型中,虽然先行词不是表示时间的名词,when引导的从句仍被认为是定语从句 (同上)。例如:These were photos of Xiao Zhang when he was a child. 这些是小张小时候的照片。
此外,尽管先行词是表示时间的名词,但关系词在从句中作主语或宾语时,就不能用when,而要用that或which来引导定语从句。例如:The summer holiday, which I will spend in Beijing, is coming soon. 暑假马上就要来了,届时我将在北京度过。
spend为及物动词,that / which代替先行词 the summer holiday,作spend的宾语。判断用that / which还是when,主要看定语从句中的谓语是及物动词还是不及物动词;若谓语动词是及物动词,则用that / which引导定语从句,that / which作动词的宾语;若谓语动词是不及物动词,则用when引导定语从句,when在从句中作时间状语。
五、作关系代词引导定语从句
when作关系代词引导定语从句,词义为“那时”。看一道高考试题Jane is back in May, bythe new house should be finished. (2008延考区)
A. which B. that
C. whomD. when
空白处需填关系代词作介词by的宾语,那么which和when皆为关系词,都引导定语从句,两者有何区别呢?
which代替先行词May, by which表示“到五月为止”,全句意为“简五月份回来,截止五月底新房子应该完工”。when引导定语从句,其先行词不是May, 而是前面的整个句子,强调的是“回来这一时间”,全句意为:简五月份回来,届时新房子应该完工。因此,选择答案D更为合理。又如:We returned on Thursday, since when we have been helping on my father’s farm. 我们星期四回来的,从那时起就一直在父亲的农场上帮忙。
另外,通常用during which time, by which time,这其中的which不能改成when。例如:
He stayed in Japan for three years, during which time he made a lot of friends. 他在日本呆了三年,这期间交了很多朋友。
(作者:王祥国,江苏省平潮高级中学)