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小细胞肺癌(SCLC)约占肺癌的15%，是一种神经内分泌肿瘤，生长迅速、极具侵袭性，容易早期发生远处转移。尽管SCLC对一线化疗敏感，但容易短时间内复发。在过去的5年间，免疫治疗在SCLC中取得了一定的成果，特别是在程序性死亡受体1和程序性死亡受体配体1方面，SCLC治疗模式已经发生改变。文章对免疫检查点抑制剂在SCLC中的探索研究做一综述，以期为广大临床工作者提供参考。“,”Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a neuroendocrine tumor, which accounts for about 15% of all lung cancers. SCLC is characterized by rapid growth and tendency to widespread metastasis at the initial stage. Although high response rates to first-line chemotherapy are observed, most patients relapse less than few months. In the past 5 years, some clinical trials found that the immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) were effective in SCLC, especially programmed cell death 1/ligand 1 (PD-1/L1). Given this situation, the treatment patterns of SCLC have changed. This article briefly reviews the researches and studies of ICIs in the treatment of SCLC to provide reference to the clinicians.