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目前在体外研究中,主要通过分离胚体和骨形态发生蛋白4(bone morphogenetic protein 4,BMP4)诱导这2种途径从人胚胎干细胞(hESC)分化获取滋养层细胞(TB)。胚体途径可基于细胞的黏附性和培养基中β-hCG的含量从胚体中分离获得TB,进而在三维培养体系中可检测细胞的侵袭性及细胞与基质的相互作用。BMP4途径通过去除外源性成纤维细胞生长因子及提高氧含量均可促进BMP4诱导TB的分化。虽然hESC分化TB模型目前还存在一些争议,但是相关研究可为探讨人类胚胎的植入及胎盘的形成提供重要的理论依据。
At present, in vitro studies, trophoblast cells (TB) are obtained from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) by separating the embryo body and bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4). The blastocyst pathway can separate TB from the embryoid body based on the cell adhesion and β-hCG content in the culture medium, and further in the three-dimensional culture system, cell invasiveness and cell-matrix interaction can be detected. BMP4 pathway can promote the differentiation of TB induced by BMP4 by removing exogenous fibroblast growth factor and increasing the oxygen content. Although there is still some controversy about the differentiation of TB model in hESC, the relevant research can provide important theoretical basis for exploring the implantation of human embryo and the formation of placenta.