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雷电是大气层中不同湿度和温度的气流相对运动而形成的自然现象。在地球大气中,平均每天约发生800万次雷电。其中雷电电流幅值到达200千安培以上的约占2%,电流的上升速率可达每微秒100千安培左右,电压可高达亿伏以上量级。雷电一般分布在15千米左右以下的空间内。当云层或云层对地之间的电场强度达到约1000千伏每米量级时,大气就会被电离,形成导电的等离子体气流,从而产生泄放和中和电荷的等离子体导电通道。通道上的电流巨大,温度极高,使通道上的气体瞬间膨胀,便产生了明亮的闪电和震耳欲聋的电鸣。
Lightning is the natural phenomenon of the relative movement of air currents of different humidity and temperature in the atmosphere. In the earth’s atmosphere, an average of about 8 million lightning strikes each day. Among them, the lightning current amplitude reaches about 2% above 200 kA, the current rising rate can reach about 100 kA per microsecond, and the voltage can reach the order of magnitude of 100 million volts or more. Thunder and lightning are generally distributed in the space below 15 km. When the electric field strength between the cloud or cloud reaches ground to the order of about 1000 kilovolts per meter, the atmosphere is ionized to form a conductive plasma gas flow, creating a plasma conductive path that bleeds and neutralizes the charge. The current on the channel is huge and the temperature is very high, causing the gas in the channel to expand momentarily, resulting in bright lightning and deafening electring.